1. NOTA TERPERINCI : Struktur ayat (Parts of Speech) dan pengenalan grammar

Di bawah ini ialah nota terperinci muka surat 1 hingga 10 daripada buku High School English Grammar and Composition oleh Wren & Martin.
Bahagian ini adalah asas struktur ayat (Parts of Speech) dan pengenalan grammar.

📄 Page 1 – Introduction to Grammar

Grammar ialah sistem dan peraturan bahasa. Ia membantu kita membina ayat yang betul dan mudah difahami.
Bahasa tanpa grammar seperti badan tanpa tulang.

📘 Definisi penting:

• Grammar = susunan perkataan untuk membentuk ayat bermakna.

• Tujuan: supaya penutur & pendengar memahami mesej dengan tepat.

📘 Contoh:

• Salah: He going school every day.

• Betul: He goes to school every day.

📌 Nota Hafalan: Grammar = aturan untuk membentuk ayat yang betul dan bermakna.

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📄 Page 2 – The Sentence

Sentence = sekumpulan perkataan yang menyatakan idea lengkap.

📘 Ciri-ciri ayat:

1. Mempunyai Subject (siapa) dan Predicate (apa yang dilakukan).

2. Menyampaikan fikiran lengkap.

📘 Contoh:

• The boy runs.
  → Subject = The boy
  → Predicate = runs

📌 Nota Penting:

• Ayat mesti bermula huruf besar & diakhiri tanda baca (. ? !)

• A sentence makes complete sense.

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📄 Page 3 – Kinds of Sentences (Jenis-jenis Ayat)

Terdapat 4 jenis utama ayat:

1️⃣ Declarative / Assertive – Menyatakan fakta atau maklumat.
👉 She is a teacher.

2️⃣ Interrogative – Soalan.
👉 Are you happy?

3️⃣ Imperative – Arahan, permintaan, nasihat.
👉 Sit down. / Please be quiet.

4️⃣ Exclamatory – Perasaan kuat.
👉 What a beautiful day!

📌 Nota Hafalan:
D = declare
I = interrogate
I = instruct
E = express
➡️ (DIIE = senang hafal 4 jenis ayat)

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📄 Page 4 – Subject and Predicate

Setiap ayat terdiri daripada 2 bahagian utama:

Bahagian	Fungsi	Contoh
Subject	Siapa / apa yang dibincangkan	The cat sleeps.
Predicate	Apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek	The cat sleeps.

📘 Nota:

• Subject biasanya di awal ayat.

• Predicate mesti ada kata kerja (verb).

📌 Tip:
Cari kata kerja → semua sebelum itu biasanya subject.

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📄 Page 5 – Parts of Speech (Bahagian Tatabahasa)

Terdapat 8 bahagian utama tatabahasa:

No.	Nama	Fungsi	Contoh
1	Noun	Nama orang, tempat, benda	boy, school, honesty
2	Pronoun	Ganti nama	he, she, it, they
3	Adjective	Sifat	tall, beautiful
4	Verb	Kata kerja	run, eat, write
5	Adverb	Menerangkan kata kerja	quickly, very
6	Preposition	Hubung kata dengan kata	in, on, at
7	Conjunction	Sambung dua perkataan/ayat	and, but, because
8	Interjection	Seruan spontan	oh!, wow!, alas!

📌 Nota Hafalan:
➡️ NAPAVPCI (Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Adverb, Verb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection)

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📄 Page 6 – The Noun (Kata Nama)

Noun = nama bagi orang, tempat, benda, binatang atau idea.

📘 Jenis-jenis Noun:

1. Proper Noun – nama khas (Ali, Malaysia)

2. Common Noun – nama umum (boy, country)

3. Collective Noun – kumpulan (team, class)

4. Abstract Noun – idea / kualiti (honesty, beauty)

5. Material Noun – bahan fizikal (gold, water)

📌 Contoh:

• Ali (Proper) is a good boy (Common) with honesty (Abstract).

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📄 Page 7 – The Noun: Number (Singular & Plural)

Singular = satu.
Plural = lebih daripada satu.

📘 Peraturan umum:

Singular	Plural	Kaedah
book	books	tambah -s
box	boxes	tambah -es
baby	babies	ubah -y → -ies
man	men	ubah bentuk
sheep	sheep	tiada perubahan

📌 Tip:
Kata berakhir dengan s, x, z, ch, sh → tambah -es.

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📄 Page 8 – The Noun: Gender (Jantina)

Jenis	Contoh
Masculine	boy, king, father
Feminine	girl, queen, mother
Common	teacher, child, student
Neuter	table, pen, tree

📘 Nota Tambahan:

• Actor – Actress

• Lion – Lioness

• Hero – Heroine

📌 Tip Hafalan:
Masculine ↔ Feminine biasanya tambah “-ess” (tetapi tidak semua).

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📄 Page 9 – The Pronoun (Kata Ganti Nama)

Pronoun menggantikan noun untuk elak pengulangan.

📘 Jenis-jenis Pronoun:

Jenis	Fungsi	Contoh
Personal	ganti nama orang	I, you, he, she, they
Reflexive	kembali kepada diri	myself, himself
Demonstrative	tunjuk benda	this, that, those
Interrogative	soalan	who, what, which
Relative	hubung ayat	who, which, that
Indefinite	umum	someone, everyone, anything

📌 Contoh:

• Ali is kind. He helps others.
  (He = pronoun ganti “Ali”)

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📄 Page 10 – Agreement of Verb with Subject

Kata kerja mesti setuju dengan subjek (singular/plural).

📘 Peraturan utama:
1️⃣ Singular subject → singular verb

• He runs fast.
  2️⃣ Plural subject → plural verb

• They run fast.

📘 Kes khas:

• Either / Neither → singular verb
  👉 Either of them is ready.

• Each / Every → singular verb
  👉 Each student has a book.

📌 Tip Hafalan:

“One person → one verb,
Many people → plural verb.”

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🎯 Kesimpulan Muka Surat 1–10
Bahagian ini membina asas grammar:

• Faham struktur ayat (subject + predicate)

• Kenal 8 bahagian tatabahasa (Parts of Speech)

• Kuasai Noun, Pronoun, dan Subject-Verb Agreement

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