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Sabtu, 4 Oktober 2025

Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 101–200 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin)


📄 Page 101 – Analysis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

  • Analysis = pecahkan ayat kepada bahagian tatabahasa.

  • Ayat terdiri daripada:

    • Subject (subjek)

    • Predicate (predikat)

    • Object / Complement / Adjunct

📄 Page 102 – Subject & Predicate

  • Subject = orang/benda yang melakukan.

  • Predicate = apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek.

  • Contoh: The boy (subject) runs fast (predicate).

📄 Page 103 – Object & Complement

  • Object = menerima tindakan.

    • Ali kicks the ball. (ball = object)

  • Complement = melengkapkan makna.

    • He is a teacher. (a teacher = complement)

📄 Page 104 – Adjunct (Adverbial)

  • Adjunct = tambahan maklumat tentang masa, tempat, cara.

  • Contoh:

    • He works hard in the morning. (in the morning = adjunct)

📄 Page 105 – Kinds of Phrases (Pengenalan)

  • Phrase = kumpulan perkataan tanpa subjek + verb.

  • Jenis-jenis:

    1. Noun phrase

    2. Adjective phrase

    3. Adverb phrase

📄 Page 106 – Noun Phrase

  • Berfungsi sebagai noun.

  • Contoh:

    • The big black dog barked loudly. (The big black dog = noun phrase, subject)

📄 Page 107 – Adjective Phrase

  • Berfungsi sebagai adjective (menerangkan noun).

  • Contoh:

    • A man of wisdom is respected. (of wisdom = adjective phrase)

📄 Page 108 – Adverb Phrase

  • Berfungsi sebagai adverb (menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb lain).

  • Contoh:

    • He spoke in a loud voice. (in a loud voice = adverb phrase)

📄 Page 109 – Kinds of Clauses (Pengenalan)

  • Clause = kumpulan perkataan ada subjek + verb.

  • Jenis utama:

    1. Noun clause

    2. Adjective clause

    3. Adverb clause

📄 Page 110 – Noun Clause

  • Digunakan sebagai subject/objek.

  • Contoh:

    • What he says is true. (subject)

    • I know that he is honest. (object)


📄 Page 111 – Adjective Clause (Pengenalan)

  • Adjective clause = klausa yang menerangkan noun.

  • Biasanya bermula dengan who, whom, whose, which, that.

  • Contoh:

    • The man who came here is my uncle.

📄 Page 112 – Defining Adjective Clauses

  • Memberi maklumat penting tentang noun.

  • Tiada koma.

  • Contoh:

    • The book that you gave me is interesting.

📄 Page 113 – Non-defining Adjective Clauses

  • Hanya maklumat tambahan.

  • Dipisahkan dengan koma.

  • Contoh:

    • My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.

📄 Page 114 – Relative Pronouns dalam Adjective Clauses

  • Who/Whom → manusia

  • Which → benda/haiwan

  • Whose → milikan

  • That → manusia/benda (boleh ganti who/which)

  • Contoh:

    • This is the boy whose pen I borrowed.

📄 Page 115 – Omission of Relative Pronoun

  • Relative pronoun boleh digugurkan jika jadi objek.

  • Contoh:

    • The book (that) I bought is cheap.

📄 Page 116 – Adverb Clause (Pengenalan)

  • Adverb clause = klausa yang berfungsi seperti adverb.

  • Menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb lain.

  • Contoh:

    • I will go if you come.

📄 Page 117 – Adverb Clause of Time

  • Penanda: when, while, before, after, since, until, as.

  • Contoh:

    • He waited until I came.

📄 Page 118 – Adverb Clause of Place

  • Penanda: where, wherever.

  • Contoh:

    • Go where you like.

📄 Page 119 – Adverb Clause of Purpose

  • Penanda: so that, in order that.

  • Contoh:

    • He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.

📄 Page 120 – Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason

  • Penanda: because, since, as.

  • Contoh:

    • He failed because he was careless.

📄 Page 121 – Adverb Clause of Result (Consequence)

  • Menunjukkan akibat sesuatu.

  • Penanda: so…that, such…that.

  • Contoh:

    • He spoke so loudly that everyone could hear.

    • It was such a fine day that we went out.

📄 Page 122 – Adverb Clause of Condition

  • Menunjukkan syarat.

  • Penanda: if, unless, whether.

  • Contoh:

    • If it rains, we shall stay at home.

    • You will fail unless you work hard.

📄 Page 123 – Adverb Clause of Concession

  • Menunjukkan pertentangan atau pengecualian.

  • Penanda: though, although, even if.

  • Contoh:

    • Though he is poor, he is honest.

    • Although it rained, we went out.

📄 Page 124 – Adverb Clause of Comparison

  • Menunjukkan perbandingan.

  • Penanda: as…as, than.

  • Contoh:

    • He is stronger than I am.

    • She is as tall as her brother.

📄 Page 125 – Adverb Clause of Manner

  • Menunjukkan cara sesuatu berlaku.

  • Penanda: as, as if, as though.

  • Contoh:

    • He talks as if he knew everything.

📄 Page 126 – Adverb Clause of Degree / Extent

  • Menunjukkan tahap atau sejauh mana.

  • Penanda: as far as, according as.

  • Contoh:

    • You may stay here as far as you like.

📄 Page 127 – Summary of Adverb Clauses

  • Jenis-jenis utama:

    1. Time

    2. Place

    3. Purpose

    4. Cause/Reason

    5. Result/Consequence

    6. Condition

    7. Concession

    8. Comparison

    9. Manner

    10. Degree/Extent

📄 Page 128 – Complex Sentences (Revision)

  • Complex sentence = klausa utama + klausa subordinate.

  • Subordinate boleh jadi:

    • Noun clause

    • Adjective clause

    • Adverb clause

📄 Page 129 – Compound Sentences (Revision)

  • Compound sentence = dua atau lebih klausa bebas.

  • Dihubungkan dengan and, but, or, nor, so, yet.

  • Contoh:

    • He is poor but he is honest.

📄 Page 130 – Complex vs Compound Sentences

  • Complex → ada klausa utama + anak klausa.

    • I know that he is honest.

  • Compound → gabungan klausa bebas.

    • He is poor but he is honest.


📄 Page 131 – Transformation of Sentences (Pengenalan semula)

  • Tukar ayat dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lain tanpa ubah makna.

  • Jenis utama:

    1. Affirmative ↔ Negative

    2. Interrogative ↔ Assertive

    3. Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

    4. Active ↔ Passive

    5. Direct ↔ Indirect

    6. Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex

📄 Page 132 – Transformation: Affirmative ↔ Negative

  • Contoh:

    • He is always punctual. → He is never late.

    • She is wise. → She is not foolish.

📄 Page 133 – Transformation: Interrogative ↔ Assertive

  • Contoh:

    • Who does not know him? → Everyone knows him.

    • Is he not honest? → He is honest.

📄 Page 134 – Transformation: Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

  • Contoh:

    • How beautiful the moon is! → The moon is very beautiful.

    • What a pity! → It is a great pity.

📄 Page 135 – Transformation: Active ↔ Passive

  • Contoh:

    • He helps me. → I am helped by him.

    • They will finish the work. → The work will be finished by them.

📄 Page 136 – Transformation: Direct ↔ Indirect

  • Contoh:

    • He said, “I am tired.” → He said that he was tired.

    • She said, “Where are you going?” → She asked where I was going.

📄 Page 137 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Compound

  • Simple → Compound:

    • Being tired, he went to bed. → He was tired and he went to bed.

  • Compound → Simple:

    • He worked hard and he succeeded. → Working hard, he succeeded.

📄 Page 138 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Complex

  • Simple → Complex:

    • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

  • Complex → Simple:

    • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

📄 Page 139 – Transformation: Compound ↔ Complex

  • Compound → Complex:

    • Work hard or you will fail. → You will fail if you do not work hard.

  • Complex → Compound:

    • I found the pen that I had lost. → I had lost a pen and I found it.

📄 Page 140 – Transformation (Ringkasan)

  • Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex boleh ditukar mengikut:

    • Guna participle

    • Guna infinitive

    • Guna kata hubung

  • Tujuan: pelbagaikan cara penulisan tanpa ubah makna.

📄 Page 141 – Synthesis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

  • Synthesis = gabungkan beberapa ayat jadi satu ayat.

  • Tujuan: jadikan penulisan lebih padat & lancar.

  • Contoh:

    • He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but honest.

📄 Page 142 – Synthesis with Participle

  • Gabung ayat menggunakan participle.

  • Contoh:

    • He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

📄 Page 143 – Synthesis with Infinitive

  • Gabung ayat menggunakan infinitive (to + verb).

  • Contoh:

    • He wanted to pass. He worked hard. → He worked hard to pass.

📄 Page 144 – Synthesis with Noun/Phrase

  • Tukar klausa ke frasa noun.

  • Contoh:

    • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

📄 Page 145 – Synthesis with Conjunctions

  • Gabung ayat dengan kata hubung (and, but, or).

  • Contoh:

    • He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but he is honest.

📄 Page 146 – Synthesis with Prepositions/Adverbs

  • Gabung ayat dengan preposisi atau adverb.

  • Contoh:

    • He failed. He was careless. → He failed through carelessness.

📄 Page 147 – Synthesis (Ringkasan Kaedah)

  1. Guna participle → Being tired, he went to bed.

  2. Guna infinitive → He worked hard to pass.

  3. Guna conjunction → He is poor but honest.

  4. Guna phrase → He confessed his guilt.

  5. Guna adverb/preposition → He failed through carelessness.

📄 Page 148 – Analysis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

  • Analysis = pecahkan ayat jadi bahagian tatabahasa.

  • Bahagian utama:

    1. Subject

    2. Predicate

    3. Object / Complement / Adjunct

📄 Page 149 – Subject & Predicate dalam Analysis

  • Subject = orang/benda yang dibicarakan.

  • Predicate = apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek.

  • Contoh: Birds fly.

    • Subject = Birds

    • Predicate = fly

📄 Page 150 – Object, Complement & Adjunct dalam Analysis

  • Object = penerima tindakan (Ali kicks the ball).

  • Complement = melengkapkan subjek (He is a teacher).

  • Adjunct = maklumat tambahan (He works in the morning).


📄 Page 151 – Kinds of Phrases (Pengenalan)

  • Phrase = kumpulan perkataan tanpa subjek + verb.

  • Jenis utama:

    1. Noun phrase

    2. Adjective phrase

    3. Adverb phrase

📄 Page 152 – Noun Phrase

  • Berfungsi sebagai noun (subjek atau objek).

  • Contoh:

    • The tall boy runs fast. (The tall boy = noun phrase, subject)

    • I like reading books. (reading books = noun phrase, object)

📄 Page 153 – Adjective Phrase

  • Berfungsi sebagai adjective, menerangkan noun.

  • Contoh:

    • A man of wisdom is respected. (of wisdom = adjective phrase)

    • The boy with blue eyes is my brother.

📄 Page 154 – Adverb Phrase

  • Berfungsi sebagai adverb, menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb lain.

  • Contoh:

    • He speaks in a loud voice. (in a loud voice = adverb phrase)

    • She works with great care.

📄 Page 155 – Expansion of Phrases into Clauses

  • Noun phrase → Noun clause.

    • I hope to win. → I hope that I shall win.

  • Adjective phrase → Adjective clause.

    • The boy with blue eyes is my friend. → The boy who has blue eyes is my friend.

📄 Page 156 – Expansion of Adverb Phrase into Clause

  • He ran with great speed. → He ran as fast as he could.

  • She worked without care. → She worked as if she did not care.

📄 Page 157 – Kinds of Clauses (Pengenalan)

  • Clause = kumpulan perkataan ada subjek + verb.

  • Jenis utama:

    1. Noun clause

    2. Adjective clause

    3. Adverb clause

📄 Page 158 – Noun Clause

  • Digunakan sebagai subjek atau objek.

  • Contoh:

    • What he said is true. (subject)

    • I know that he is honest. (object)

📄 Page 159 – Adjective Clause

  • Menerangkan noun.

  • Selalunya guna who, whose, whom, which, that.

  • Contoh:

    • The man who came here is my uncle.

    • This is the book that I bought.

📄 Page 160 – Adverb Clause

  • Menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb.

  • Jenis: time, place, reason, purpose, condition, concession, comparison, manner, degree.

  • Contoh:

    • I will wait until he comes.

    • He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.


📄 Page 161 – Noun Clauses (Ulangan)

  • Noun clause boleh jadi:

    1. Subjek → What you said is true.

    2. Objek → I know that he is honest.

    3. Selepas preposisi → I am interested in what he does.

    4. Pelengkap → The truth is that he is guilty.

📄 Page 162 – Adjective Clauses (Ulangan)

  • Menjelaskan noun, guna relative pronouns.

  • Contoh:

    • This is the house which Jack built.

    • The boy who won the prize is my brother.

📄 Page 163 – Restrictive & Non-Restrictive Clauses

  • Restrictive: penting untuk makna, tiada koma.

    • The book that I bought is useful.

  • Non-restrictive: hanya tambahan, guna koma.

    • My uncle, who lives in KL, is a teacher.

📄 Page 164 – Adverb Clauses (Ulangan)

  • Jenis-jenis adverb clause:

    • Time, Place, Purpose, Cause/Reason, Result, Condition, Concession, Comparison, Manner, Degree.

📄 Page 165 – Reduction of Clauses to Phrases

  • Klausa boleh dipendekkan jadi frasa.

  • Contoh:

    • When he saw me, he ran away. → Seeing me, he ran away.

    • As he was ill, he stayed home. → Being ill, he stayed home.

📄 Page 166 – Conversion: Complex ↔ Simple

  • Complex → Simple: tukar klausa jadi frasa.

    • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

  • Simple → Complex: tukar frasa jadi klausa.

    • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

📄 Page 167 – Conversion: Compound ↔ Complex

  • Compound → Complex:

    • Work hard or you will fail. → You will fail if you do not work hard.

  • Complex → Compound:

    • I know that he is honest. → He is honest and I know it.

📄 Page 168 – Synthesis of Sentences (Latihan)

  • Gabungkan beberapa ayat pendek menjadi satu:

    • He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

    • He wanted to succeed. He worked hard. → He worked hard to succeed.

📄 Page 169 – Analysis of Sentences (Latihan)

  • Pecahkan ayat kepada: subject, predicate, object, complement, adjunct.

  • Contoh: The boy kicked the ball in the field.

    • Subject = The boy

    • Predicate = kicked

    • Object = the ball

    • Adjunct = in the field

📄 Page 170 – Revision: Phrases & Clauses

  • Phrase = tiada subjek + verb.

  • Clause = ada subjek + verb.

  • Kedua-dua boleh berfungsi sebagai: noun, adjective, adverb.

  • Latihan diberi untuk beza dan tukar antara frasa ↔ klausa.


📄 Page 171 – Transformation: Affirmative ↔ Negative

  • Affirmative → Negative:

    • He is always punctual. → He is never late.

  • Negative → Affirmative:

    • He is not foolish. → He is wise.

📄 Page 172 – Transformation: Interrogative ↔ Assertive

  • Interrogative → Assertive:

    • Who does not know him? → Everyone knows him.

  • Assertive → Interrogative:

    • He is very wise. → Is he not very wise?

📄 Page 173 – Transformation: Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

  • Exclamatory → Assertive:

    • What a beautiful flower it is! → It is a very beautiful flower.

  • Assertive → Exclamatory:

    • He is very brave. → How brave he is!

📄 Page 174 – Transformation: Active ↔ Passive Voice

  • Active → Passive:

    • They helped the poor. → The poor were helped by them.

  • Passive → Active:

    • The work was finished by him. → He finished the work.

📄 Page 175 – Transformation: Direct ↔ Indirect Speech

  • Direct → Indirect:

    • He said, “I am busy.” → He said that he was busy.

  • Indirect → Direct:

    • She said that she was happy. → She said, “I am happy.”

📄 Page 176 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Compound

  • Simple → Compound:

    • Being ill, he stayed at home. → He was ill and he stayed at home.

  • Compound → Simple:

    • He worked hard and succeeded. → Working hard, he succeeded.

📄 Page 177 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Complex

  • Simple → Complex:

    • On his arrival, we started work. → When he arrived, we started work.

  • Complex → Simple:

    • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

📄 Page 178 – Transformation: Compound ↔ Complex

  • Compound → Complex:

    • Do your duty and you will succeed. → If you do your duty, you will succeed.

  • Complex → Compound:

    • I know that he is honest. → He is honest and I know it.

📄 Page 179 – Active & Passive Voice (Revision)

  • Semua tense boleh tukar Active ↔ Passive.

  • Contoh ringkas:

    • She writes a letter. → A letter is written by her.

    • He will finish the work. → The work will be finished by him.

📄 Page 180 – Direct & Indirect Speech (Revision)

  • Perubahan penting bila tukar direct → indirect:

    1. Tense berubah (present → past).

    2. Kata ganti nama ikut subjek/objek.

    3. Adverb masa/tempat berubah (now → then, today → that day).


📄 Page 181 – Direct & Indirect Questions

  • Soalan yes/no → guna if/whether.

    • He said, “Are you ready?” → He asked if I was ready.

  • Soalan wh- → ikut perkataan asal.

    • She said, “Where do you live?” → She asked where I lived.

📄 Page 182 – Indirect Commands & Requests

  • Direct → Indirect: guna told/asked + to-infinitive.

    • He said, “Open the door.” → He told me to open the door.

    • She said, “Please help me.” → She requested me to help her.

📄 Page 183 – Indirect Exclamations & Wishes

  • Direct → Indirect: guna exclaimed, wished, prayed.

    • He said, “What a fine day!” → He exclaimed that it was a very fine day.

    • She said, “May God bless you.” → She prayed that God might bless me.

📄 Page 184 – Revision of Voice & Speech

  • Gabungan Active/Passive dengan Direct/Indirect.

  • Contoh:

    • Active + Direct: He says, “I love her.”

    • Passive + Indirect: It is said that he loves her.

📄 Page 185 – Verbals (Pengenalan)

  • Verbals = kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai noun/adjective/adverb.

  • Jenis:

    1. Infinitive

    2. Participle

    3. Gerund

📄 Page 186 – Infinitive (Detail)

  • Bentuk: to + verb.

  • Fungsi:

    • Subjek: To err is human.

    • Objek: I like to read.

    • Tujuan: He came to help me.

📄 Page 187 – Bare & Split Infinitives

  • Bare infinitive: tanpa to.

    • Let him go, Make him do it.

  • Split infinitive: ada adverb di antara to + verb.

    • to boldly go.

  • Elakkan split infinitive dalam penulisan formal.

📄 Page 188 – Participle (Detail)

  • Present participle: verb + -ing. (running, going)

  • Past participle: bentuk lampau. (broken, written)

  • Digunakan sebagai adjective.

    • A running boy, A broken vase.

📄 Page 189 – Participle Phrases

  • Participle boleh membentuk frasa untuk ringkaskan klausa.

  • Contoh:

    • Seeing the police, he ran away.

    • Driven by hunger, he stole bread.

📄 Page 190 – Gerund (Detail)

  • Gerund = verb + -ing digunakan sebagai noun.

  • Fungsi:

    • Subjek: Swimming is good for health.

    • Objek: He likes reading.

    • Selepas preposition: She is fond of dancing.


📄 Page 191 – Gerund vs Present Participle

  • Gerund = verb + -ing berfungsi sebagai noun.

    • Swimming is good exercise.

  • Participle = verb + -ing berfungsi sebagai adjective.

    • A swimming boy is tired.

📄 Page 192 – Same Word: Gerund atau Participle

  • Kadang-kadang perkataan sama boleh jadi dua-dua.

  • Contoh:

    • I like painting. (gerund = aktiviti)

    • A painting girl. (participle = menerangkan noun)

📄 Page 193 – Gerund Phrases

  • Gerund boleh bergabung dengan kata lain → frasa noun.

  • Contoh:

    • Playing football is enjoyable.

    • He is fond of reading novels.

📄 Page 194 – Absolute Construction (Pengenalan)

  • Frasa bebas yang biasanya ada noun + participle.

  • Memberi maklumat tambahan pada ayat utama.

  • Contoh:

    • The weather being fine, we went out.

    • God willing, we shall succeed.

📄 Page 195 – Absolute Construction (Fungsi)

  • Digunakan untuk:

    1. Menyatakan sebab (The teacher being absent, the class dispersed.)

    2. Memberi latar belakang (The sun having set, we returned home.)

📄 Page 196 – Expansion of Phrases into Clauses

  • Frasa boleh ditukar jadi klausa.

  • Contoh:

    • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

    • In spite of his illness, he came. → Though he was ill, he came.

📄 Page 197 – Expansion of Noun Phrases

  • His laziness was the cause of his failure. → He failed because he was lazy.

  • The time of his coming is uncertain. → When he will come is uncertain.

📄 Page 198 – Expansion of Adjective Phrases

  • A man of wisdom is respected. → A man who is wise is respected.

  • The boy with blue eyes is my brother. → The boy who has blue eyes is my brother.

📄 Page 199 – Expansion of Adverb Phrases

  • He worked with care. → He worked as if he cared.

  • He ran with great speed. → He ran as fast as he could.

📄 Page 200 – Revision of Phrases & Clauses

  • Phrase = tiada subjek + verb.

  • Clause = ada subjek + verb.

  • Latihan diberikan untuk tukar frasa ↔ klausa.

  • Contoh:

    • Seeing me, he ran away. ↔ When he saw me, he ran away.


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