Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 101–200 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin)

📄 Page 101 – Analysis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

• Analysis = pecahkan ayat kepada bahagian tatabahasa.

• Ayat terdiri daripada:

  • Subject (subjek)

  • Predicate (predikat)

  • Object / Complement / Adjunct

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📄 Page 102 – Subject & Predicate

• Subject = orang/benda yang melakukan.

• Predicate = apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek.

• Contoh: The boy (subject) runs fast (predicate).

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📄 Page 103 – Object & Complement

• Object = menerima tindakan.

  • Ali kicks the ball. (ball = object)

• Complement = melengkapkan makna.

  • He is a teacher. (a teacher = complement)

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📄 Page 104 – Adjunct (Adverbial)

• Adjunct = tambahan maklumat tentang masa, tempat, cara.

• Contoh:

  • He works hard in the morning. (in the morning = adjunct)

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📄 Page 105 – Kinds of Phrases (Pengenalan)

• Phrase = kumpulan perkataan tanpa subjek + verb.

• Jenis-jenis:

  1. Noun phrase

  2. Adjective phrase

  3. Adverb phrase

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📄 Page 106 – Noun Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai noun.

• Contoh:

  • The big black dog barked loudly. (The big black dog = noun phrase, subject)

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📄 Page 107 – Adjective Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai adjective (menerangkan noun).

• Contoh:

  • A man of wisdom is respected. (of wisdom = adjective phrase)

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📄 Page 108 – Adverb Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai adverb (menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb lain).

• Contoh:

  • He spoke in a loud voice. (in a loud voice = adverb phrase)

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📄 Page 109 – Kinds of Clauses (Pengenalan)

• Clause = kumpulan perkataan ada subjek + verb.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Noun clause

  2. Adjective clause

  3. Adverb clause

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📄 Page 110 – Noun Clause

• Digunakan sebagai subject/objek.

• Contoh:

  • What he says is true. (subject)

  • I know that he is honest. (object)

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📄 Page 111 – Adjective Clause (Pengenalan)

• Adjective clause = klausa yang menerangkan noun.

• Biasanya bermula dengan who, whom, whose, which, that.

• Contoh:

  • The man who came here is my uncle.

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📄 Page 112 – Defining Adjective Clauses

• Memberi maklumat penting tentang noun.

• Tiada koma.

• Contoh:

  • The book that you gave me is interesting.

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📄 Page 113 – Non-defining Adjective Clauses

• Hanya maklumat tambahan.

• Dipisahkan dengan koma.

• Contoh:

  • My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.

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📄 Page 114 – Relative Pronouns dalam Adjective Clauses

• Who/Whom → manusia

• Which → benda/haiwan

• Whose → milikan

• That → manusia/benda (boleh ganti who/which)

• Contoh:

  • This is the boy whose pen I borrowed.

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📄 Page 115 – Omission of Relative Pronoun

• Relative pronoun boleh digugurkan jika jadi objek.

• Contoh:

  • The book (that) I bought is cheap.

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📄 Page 116 – Adverb Clause (Pengenalan)

• Adverb clause = klausa yang berfungsi seperti adverb.

• Menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb lain.

• Contoh:

  • I will go if you come.

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📄 Page 117 – Adverb Clause of Time

• Penanda: when, while, before, after, since, until, as.

• Contoh:

  • He waited until I came.

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📄 Page 118 – Adverb Clause of Place

• Penanda: where, wherever.

• Contoh:

  • Go where you like.

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📄 Page 119 – Adverb Clause of Purpose

• Penanda: so that, in order that.

• Contoh:

  • He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.

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📄 Page 120 – Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason

• Penanda: because, since, as.

• Contoh:

  • He failed because he was careless.

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📄 Page 121 – Adverb Clause of Result (Consequence)

• Menunjukkan akibat sesuatu.

• Penanda: so…that, such…that.

• Contoh:

  • He spoke so loudly that everyone could hear.

  • It was such a fine day that we went out.

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📄 Page 122 – Adverb Clause of Condition

• Menunjukkan syarat.

• Penanda: if, unless, whether.

• Contoh:

  • If it rains, we shall stay at home.

  • You will fail unless you work hard.

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📄 Page 123 – Adverb Clause of Concession

• Menunjukkan pertentangan atau pengecualian.

• Penanda: though, although, even if.

• Contoh:

  • Though he is poor, he is honest.

  • Although it rained, we went out.

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📄 Page 124 – Adverb Clause of Comparison

• Menunjukkan perbandingan.

• Penanda: as…as, than.

• Contoh:

  • He is stronger than I am.

  • She is as tall as her brother.

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📄 Page 125 – Adverb Clause of Manner

• Menunjukkan cara sesuatu berlaku.

• Penanda: as, as if, as though.

• Contoh:

  • He talks as if he knew everything.

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📄 Page 126 – Adverb Clause of Degree / Extent

• Menunjukkan tahap atau sejauh mana.

• Penanda: as far as, according as.

• Contoh:

  • You may stay here as far as you like.

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📄 Page 127 – Summary of Adverb Clauses

• Jenis-jenis utama:

  1. Time

  2. Place

  3. Purpose

  4. Cause/Reason

  5. Result/Consequence

  6. Condition

  7. Concession

  8. Comparison

  9. Manner

  10. Degree/Extent

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📄 Page 128 – Complex Sentences (Revision)

• Complex sentence = klausa utama + klausa subordinate.

• Subordinate boleh jadi:

  • Noun clause

  • Adjective clause

  • Adverb clause

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📄 Page 129 – Compound Sentences (Revision)

• Compound sentence = dua atau lebih klausa bebas.

• Dihubungkan dengan and, but, or, nor, so, yet.

• Contoh:

  • He is poor but he is honest.

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📄 Page 130 – Complex vs Compound Sentences

• Complex → ada klausa utama + anak klausa.

  • I know that he is honest.

• Compound → gabungan klausa bebas.

  • He is poor but he is honest.

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📄 Page 131 – Transformation of Sentences (Pengenalan semula)

• Tukar ayat dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lain tanpa ubah makna.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Affirmative ↔ Negative

  2. Interrogative ↔ Assertive

  3. Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

  4. Active ↔ Passive

  5. Direct ↔ Indirect

  6. Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex

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📄 Page 132 – Transformation: Affirmative ↔ Negative

• Contoh:

  • He is always punctual. → He is never late.

  • She is wise. → She is not foolish.

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📄 Page 133 – Transformation: Interrogative ↔ Assertive

• Contoh:

  • Who does not know him? → Everyone knows him.

  • Is he not honest? → He is honest.

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📄 Page 134 – Transformation: Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

• Contoh:

  • How beautiful the moon is! → The moon is very beautiful.

  • What a pity! → It is a great pity.

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📄 Page 135 – Transformation: Active ↔ Passive

• Contoh:

  • He helps me. → I am helped by him.

  • They will finish the work. → The work will be finished by them.

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📄 Page 136 – Transformation: Direct ↔ Indirect

• Contoh:

  • He said, “I am tired.” → He said that he was tired.

  • She said, “Where are you going?” → She asked where I was going.

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📄 Page 137 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Compound

• Simple → Compound:

  • Being tired, he went to bed. → He was tired and he went to bed.

• Compound → Simple:

  • He worked hard and he succeeded. → Working hard, he succeeded.

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📄 Page 138 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Complex

• Simple → Complex:

  • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

• Complex → Simple:

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

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📄 Page 139 – Transformation: Compound ↔ Complex

• Compound → Complex:

  • Work hard or you will fail. → You will fail if you do not work hard.

• Complex → Compound:

  • I found the pen that I had lost. → I had lost a pen and I found it.

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📄 Page 140 – Transformation (Ringkasan)

• Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex boleh ditukar mengikut:

  • Guna participle

  • Guna infinitive

  • Guna kata hubung

• Tujuan: pelbagaikan cara penulisan tanpa ubah makna.

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📄 Page 141 – Synthesis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

• Synthesis = gabungkan beberapa ayat jadi satu ayat.

• Tujuan: jadikan penulisan lebih padat & lancar.

• Contoh:

  • He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but honest.

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📄 Page 142 – Synthesis with Participle

• Gabung ayat menggunakan participle.

• Contoh:

  • He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

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📄 Page 143 – Synthesis with Infinitive

• Gabung ayat menggunakan infinitive (to + verb).

• Contoh:

  • He wanted to pass. He worked hard. → He worked hard to pass.

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📄 Page 144 – Synthesis with Noun/Phrase

• Tukar klausa ke frasa noun.

• Contoh:

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

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📄 Page 145 – Synthesis with Conjunctions

• Gabung ayat dengan kata hubung (and, but, or).

• Contoh:

  • He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but he is honest.

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📄 Page 146 – Synthesis with Prepositions/Adverbs

• Gabung ayat dengan preposisi atau adverb.

• Contoh:

  • He failed. He was careless. → He failed through carelessness.

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📄 Page 147 – Synthesis (Ringkasan Kaedah)

1. Guna participle → Being tired, he went to bed.

2. Guna infinitive → He worked hard to pass.

3. Guna conjunction → He is poor but honest.

4. Guna phrase → He confessed his guilt.

5. Guna adverb/preposition → He failed through carelessness.

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📄 Page 148 – Analysis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

• Analysis = pecahkan ayat jadi bahagian tatabahasa.

• Bahagian utama:

  1. Subject

  2. Predicate

  3. Object / Complement / Adjunct

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📄 Page 149 – Subject & Predicate dalam Analysis

• Subject = orang/benda yang dibicarakan.

• Predicate = apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek.

• Contoh: Birds fly.

  • Subject = Birds

  • Predicate = fly

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📄 Page 150 – Object, Complement & Adjunct dalam Analysis

• Object = penerima tindakan (Ali kicks the ball).

• Complement = melengkapkan subjek (He is a teacher).

• Adjunct = maklumat tambahan (He works in the morning).

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📄 Page 151 – Kinds of Phrases (Pengenalan)

• Phrase = kumpulan perkataan tanpa subjek + verb.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Noun phrase

  2. Adjective phrase

  3. Adverb phrase

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📄 Page 152 – Noun Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai noun (subjek atau objek).

• Contoh:

  • The tall boy runs fast. (The tall boy = noun phrase, subject)

  • I like reading books. (reading books = noun phrase, object)

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📄 Page 153 – Adjective Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai adjective, menerangkan noun.

• Contoh:

  • A man of wisdom is respected. (of wisdom = adjective phrase)

  • The boy with blue eyes is my brother.

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📄 Page 154 – Adverb Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai adverb, menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb lain.

• Contoh:

  • He speaks in a loud voice. (in a loud voice = adverb phrase)

  • She works with great care.

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📄 Page 155 – Expansion of Phrases into Clauses

• Noun phrase → Noun clause.

  • I hope to win. → I hope that I shall win.

• Adjective phrase → Adjective clause.

  • The boy with blue eyes is my friend. → The boy who has blue eyes is my friend.

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📄 Page 156 – Expansion of Adverb Phrase into Clause

• He ran with great speed. → He ran as fast as he could.

• She worked without care. → She worked as if she did not care.

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📄 Page 157 – Kinds of Clauses (Pengenalan)

• Clause = kumpulan perkataan ada subjek + verb.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Noun clause

  2. Adjective clause

  3. Adverb clause

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📄 Page 158 – Noun Clause

• Digunakan sebagai subjek atau objek.

• Contoh:

  • What he said is true. (subject)

  • I know that he is honest. (object)

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📄 Page 159 – Adjective Clause

• Menerangkan noun.

• Selalunya guna who, whose, whom, which, that.

• Contoh:

  • The man who came here is my uncle.

  • This is the book that I bought.

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📄 Page 160 – Adverb Clause

• Menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb.

• Jenis: time, place, reason, purpose, condition, concession, comparison, manner, degree.

• Contoh:

  • I will wait until he comes.

  • He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.

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📄 Page 161 – Noun Clauses (Ulangan)

• Noun clause boleh jadi:

  1. Subjek → What you said is true.

  2. Objek → I know that he is honest.

  3. Selepas preposisi → I am interested in what he does.

  4. Pelengkap → The truth is that he is guilty.

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📄 Page 162 – Adjective Clauses (Ulangan)

• Menjelaskan noun, guna relative pronouns.

• Contoh:

  • This is the house which Jack built.

  • The boy who won the prize is my brother.

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📄 Page 163 – Restrictive & Non-Restrictive Clauses

• Restrictive: penting untuk makna, tiada koma.

  • The book that I bought is useful.

• Non-restrictive: hanya tambahan, guna koma.

  • My uncle, who lives in KL, is a teacher.

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📄 Page 164 – Adverb Clauses (Ulangan)

• Jenis-jenis adverb clause:

  • Time, Place, Purpose, Cause/Reason, Result, Condition, Concession, Comparison, Manner, Degree.

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📄 Page 165 – Reduction of Clauses to Phrases

• Klausa boleh dipendekkan jadi frasa.

• Contoh:

  • When he saw me, he ran away. → Seeing me, he ran away.

  • As he was ill, he stayed home. → Being ill, he stayed home.

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📄 Page 166 – Conversion: Complex ↔ Simple

• Complex → Simple: tukar klausa jadi frasa.

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

• Simple → Complex: tukar frasa jadi klausa.

  • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

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📄 Page 167 – Conversion: Compound ↔ Complex

• Compound → Complex:

  • Work hard or you will fail. → You will fail if you do not work hard.

• Complex → Compound:

  • I know that he is honest. → He is honest and I know it.

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📄 Page 168 – Synthesis of Sentences (Latihan)

• Gabungkan beberapa ayat pendek menjadi satu:

  • He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

  • He wanted to succeed. He worked hard. → He worked hard to succeed.

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📄 Page 169 – Analysis of Sentences (Latihan)

• Pecahkan ayat kepada: subject, predicate, object, complement, adjunct.

• Contoh: The boy kicked the ball in the field.

  • Subject = The boy

  • Predicate = kicked

  • Object = the ball

  • Adjunct = in the field

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📄 Page 170 – Revision: Phrases & Clauses

• Phrase = tiada subjek + verb.

• Clause = ada subjek + verb.

• Kedua-dua boleh berfungsi sebagai: noun, adjective, adverb.

• Latihan diberi untuk beza dan tukar antara frasa ↔ klausa.

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📄 Page 171 – Transformation: Affirmative ↔ Negative

• Affirmative → Negative:

  • He is always punctual. → He is never late.

• Negative → Affirmative:

  • He is not foolish. → He is wise.

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📄 Page 172 – Transformation: Interrogative ↔ Assertive

• Interrogative → Assertive:

  • Who does not know him? → Everyone knows him.

• Assertive → Interrogative:

  • He is very wise. → Is he not very wise?

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📄 Page 173 – Transformation: Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

• Exclamatory → Assertive:

  • What a beautiful flower it is! → It is a very beautiful flower.

• Assertive → Exclamatory:

  • He is very brave. → How brave he is!

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📄 Page 174 – Transformation: Active ↔ Passive Voice

• Active → Passive:

  • They helped the poor. → The poor were helped by them.

• Passive → Active:

  • The work was finished by him. → He finished the work.

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📄 Page 175 – Transformation: Direct ↔ Indirect Speech

• Direct → Indirect:

  • He said, “I am busy.” → He said that he was busy.

• Indirect → Direct:

  • She said that she was happy. → She said, “I am happy.”

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📄 Page 176 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Compound

• Simple → Compound:

  • Being ill, he stayed at home. → He was ill and he stayed at home.

• Compound → Simple:

  • He worked hard and succeeded. → Working hard, he succeeded.

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📄 Page 177 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Complex

• Simple → Complex:

  • On his arrival, we started work. → When he arrived, we started work.

• Complex → Simple:

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

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📄 Page 178 – Transformation: Compound ↔ Complex

• Compound → Complex:

  • Do your duty and you will succeed. → If you do your duty, you will succeed.

• Complex → Compound:

  • I know that he is honest. → He is honest and I know it.

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📄 Page 179 – Active & Passive Voice (Revision)

• Semua tense boleh tukar Active ↔ Passive.

• Contoh ringkas:

  • She writes a letter. → A letter is written by her.

  • He will finish the work. → The work will be finished by him.

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📄 Page 180 – Direct & Indirect Speech (Revision)

• Perubahan penting bila tukar direct → indirect:

  1. Tense berubah (present → past).

  2. Kata ganti nama ikut subjek/objek.

  3. Adverb masa/tempat berubah (now → then, today → that day).

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📄 Page 181 – Direct & Indirect Questions

• Soalan yes/no → guna if/whether.

  • He said, “Are you ready?” → He asked if I was ready.

• Soalan wh- → ikut perkataan asal.

  • She said, “Where do you live?” → She asked where I lived.

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📄 Page 182 – Indirect Commands & Requests

• Direct → Indirect: guna told/asked + to-infinitive.

  • He said, “Open the door.” → He told me to open the door.

  • She said, “Please help me.” → She requested me to help her.

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📄 Page 183 – Indirect Exclamations & Wishes

• Direct → Indirect: guna exclaimed, wished, prayed.

  • He said, “What a fine day!” → He exclaimed that it was a very fine day.

  • She said, “May God bless you.” → She prayed that God might bless me.

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📄 Page 184 – Revision of Voice & Speech

• Gabungan Active/Passive dengan Direct/Indirect.

• Contoh:

  • Active + Direct: He says, “I love her.”

  • Passive + Indirect: It is said that he loves her.

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📄 Page 185 – Verbals (Pengenalan)

• Verbals = kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai noun/adjective/adverb.

• Jenis:

  1. Infinitive

  2. Participle

  3. Gerund

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📄 Page 186 – Infinitive (Detail)

• Bentuk: to + verb.

• Fungsi:

  • Subjek: To err is human.

  • Objek: I like to read.

  • Tujuan: He came to help me.

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📄 Page 187 – Bare & Split Infinitives

• Bare infinitive: tanpa to.

  • Let him go, Make him do it.

• Split infinitive: ada adverb di antara to + verb.

  • to boldly go.

• Elakkan split infinitive dalam penulisan formal.

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📄 Page 188 – Participle (Detail)

• Present participle: verb + -ing. (running, going)

• Past participle: bentuk lampau. (broken, written)

• Digunakan sebagai adjective.

  • A running boy, A broken vase.

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📄 Page 189 – Participle Phrases

• Participle boleh membentuk frasa untuk ringkaskan klausa.

• Contoh:

  • Seeing the police, he ran away.

  • Driven by hunger, he stole bread.

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📄 Page 190 – Gerund (Detail)

• Gerund = verb + -ing digunakan sebagai noun.

• Fungsi:

  • Subjek: Swimming is good for health.

  • Objek: He likes reading.

  • Selepas preposition: She is fond of dancing.

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📄 Page 191 – Gerund vs Present Participle

• Gerund = verb + -ing berfungsi sebagai noun.

  • Swimming is good exercise.

• Participle = verb + -ing berfungsi sebagai adjective.

  • A swimming boy is tired.

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📄 Page 192 – Same Word: Gerund atau Participle

• Kadang-kadang perkataan sama boleh jadi dua-dua.

• Contoh:

  • I like painting. (gerund = aktiviti)

  • A painting girl. (participle = menerangkan noun)

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📄 Page 193 – Gerund Phrases

• Gerund boleh bergabung dengan kata lain → frasa noun.

• Contoh:

  • Playing football is enjoyable.

  • He is fond of reading novels.

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📄 Page 194 – Absolute Construction (Pengenalan)

• Frasa bebas yang biasanya ada noun + participle.

• Memberi maklumat tambahan pada ayat utama.

• Contoh:

  • The weather being fine, we went out.

  • God willing, we shall succeed.

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📄 Page 195 – Absolute Construction (Fungsi)

• Digunakan untuk:

  1. Menyatakan sebab (The teacher being absent, the class dispersed.)

  2. Memberi latar belakang (The sun having set, we returned home.)

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📄 Page 196 – Expansion of Phrases into Clauses

• Frasa boleh ditukar jadi klausa.

• Contoh:

  • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

  • In spite of his illness, he came. → Though he was ill, he came.

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📄 Page 197 – Expansion of Noun Phrases

• His laziness was the cause of his failure. → He failed because he was lazy.

• The time of his coming is uncertain. → When he will come is uncertain.

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📄 Page 198 – Expansion of Adjective Phrases

• A man of wisdom is respected. → A man who is wise is respected.

• The boy with blue eyes is my brother. → The boy who has blue eyes is my brother.

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📄 Page 199 – Expansion of Adverb Phrases

• He worked with care. → He worked as if he cared.

• He ran with great speed. → He ran as fast as he could.

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📄 Page 200 – Revision of Phrases & Clauses

• Phrase = tiada subjek + verb.

• Clause = ada subjek + verb.

• Latihan diberikan untuk tukar frasa ↔ klausa.

• Contoh:

  • Seeing me, he ran away. ↔ When he saw me, he ran away.

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