Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 201–290 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin)

📄 Page 201 – Types of Clauses (Ulangan)

• Noun Clause → berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek.

  • What he said is true.

• Adjective Clause → menerangkan noun.

  • The boy who came here is my friend.

• Adverb Clause → menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb.

  • He ran fast because he was late.

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📄 Page 202 – Combining Clauses

• Cara menggabungkan klausa:

  1. Dengan conjunction (and, but, because, when).

  2. Dengan participle (Seeing the teacher, he stood up.).

  3. Dengan infinitive (He came to help me.).

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📄 Page 203 – Complex Sentences

• Ayat yang ada klausa utama + klausa subordinate.

• Subordinate boleh jadi noun, adjective atau adverb clause.

• Contoh:

  • I know that he is honest.

  • The boy who runs fast will win.

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📄 Page 204 – Compound Sentences

• Mengandungi dua atau lebih klausa bebas.

• Dihubungkan dengan coordinating conjunctions:

  • and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for

• Contoh:

  • He is poor but he is honest.

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📄 Page 205 – Complex vs Compound

• Complex: ada klausa utama + anak klausa.

  • I know that she sings well.

• Compound: dua klausa bebas.

  • She sings well and she plays piano.

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📄 Page 206 – Reduction of Clauses

• Klausa boleh dipendekkan untuk elak pengulangan.

• Contoh:

  • When he saw me, he smiled. → Seeing me, he smiled.

  • As he was tired, he slept. → Being tired, he slept.

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📄 Page 207 – Transformation within Clauses

• Complex → Simple:

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

• Simple → Complex:

  • On hearing the news, she fainted. → When she heard the news, she fainted.

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📄 Page 208 – Synthesis (Gabungan Ayat)

• Tujuan: jadikan penulisan lebih padat & menarik.

• Kaedah utama:

  1. Participle

  2. Infinitive

  3. Conjunction

  4. Preposition

  5. Noun/Adjective/Adverb phrases

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📄 Page 209 – Examples of Synthesis

• He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but honest.

• He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

• He wanted to succeed. He worked hard. → He worked hard to succeed.

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📄 Page 210 – Synthesis (Advanced Practice)

• Gunakan pelbagai bentuk ayat untuk gabung idea:

  • Although he was late, he attended the class and apologized.

  • Having completed his work, he left early to rest.

• Latihan diberi untuk gabung 3–4 ayat menjadi satu complex/compound sentence.

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📄 Page 211 – Synthesis of Sentences (Advanced)

• Gabungan beberapa ayat pendek menjadi ayat kompleks atau majmuk.

• Contoh:

  • He finished his work. He went home. He slept early. →
    After finishing his work, he went home and slept early.

• Tujuan: jadikan penulisan lancar dan tidak berulang.

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📄 Page 212 – More Practice on Synthesis

• Latihan menulis semula dua atau tiga ayat menjadi satu ayat.

• Gunakan:

  • Participle phrases → Seeing the police, he ran away.

  • Conjunctions → He is poor but he is happy.

  • Infinitives → He came to help me.

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📄 Page 213 – Analysis of Sentences (Ulangan)

• Pecahkan ayat kepada bahagian utama:

  1. Subject

  2. Predicate

  3. Object / Complement / Adjunct

• Contoh:

  • The boy kicked the ball in the field.

    • Subject = The boy

    • Predicate = kicked

    • Object = the ball

    • Adjunct = in the field

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📄 Page 214 – Kinds of Sentences (Analisis)

1. Simple Sentence – 1 klausa. (Birds fly.)

2. Compound Sentence – 2 klausa bebas. (He came and he sat.)

3. Complex Sentence – klausa utama + anak klausa. (I know that he is honest.)

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📄 Page 215 – Clause Analysis

• Main Clause = boleh berdiri sendiri.

• Subordinate Clause = bergantung pada main clause.

• Latihan: tentukan klausa utama dan anak klausa.

  • I believe that he is right.

    • Main: I believe

    • Subordinate: that he is right

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📄 Page 216 – Punctuation (Tanda Baca – Pengenalan)

• Tanda baca penting untuk makna dan kejelasan ayat.

• Jenis tanda baca utama:

  • Comma ( , )

  • Semicolon ( ; )

  • Colon ( : )

  • Full stop ( . )

  • Question mark ( ? )

  • Exclamation mark ( ! )

  • Quotation marks (“ ”)

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📄 Page 217 – The Comma ( , )

• Digunakan untuk:

  1. Pisahkan senarai. (I bought apples, bananas, and grapes.)

  2. Pisahkan klausa. (When I arrived, he was sleeping.)

  3. Selepas kata seru/pendahuluan. (Yes, I agree.)

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📄 Page 218 – The Semicolon ( ; ) dan Colon ( : )

• Semicolon (;) → pisahkan dua klausa yang rapat maknanya.

  • He came early; he wanted a good seat.

• Colon (:) → digunakan sebelum senarai, penjelasan atau petikan.

  • He has three hobbies: reading, painting, and gardening.

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📄 Page 219 – The Full Stop ( . ) dan Question Mark ( ? )

• Full stop (.) → tamatkan ayat pernyataan.

  • He is a good boy.

• Question mark (?) → tamatkan ayat tanya.

  • Where are you going?

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📄 Page 220 – The Exclamation Mark ( ! ) dan Quotation Marks (“ ”)

• Exclamation mark (!) → selepas kata seru atau emosi kuat.

  • What a surprise!

• Quotation marks (“ ”) → untuk petikan langsung.

  • He said, “I am ready.”

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📄 Page 221 – Capital Letters (Huruf Besar)

Peraturan penggunaan huruf besar:

1. Awal ayat.

   • The sun rises in the east.

2. Nama khas (orang, tempat, bulan, hari).

   • Ali, Kuala Lumpur, March, Friday.

3. Kata ganti nama “I”.

   • My friend and I went home.

4. Nama bangsa, agama, dan bahasa.

   • Malay, Islam, English.

5. Tajuk buku, filem, atau lagu.

   • The Holy Quran, Romeo and Juliet.

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📄 Page 222 – More Rules on Capital Letters

6. Nama Tuhan dan sifat-Nya.

   • Allah, the Almighty, the Merciful.

7. Huruf pertama petikan langsung.

   • He said, “Time is precious.”

8. Kata ganti nama Tuhan.

   • We trust in Him.

9. Nama rasmi jawatan atau institusi.

   • The Prime Minister of Malaysia, Universiti Malaya.

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📄 Page 223 – Spelling Rules (Ejaan)

1. Tambah –s atau –es untuk plural.

   • boy → boys, box → boxes.

2. Kata berakhir dengan –y → tukar y → i dan tambah –es.

   • baby → babies.

3. Kata berakhir dengan –f atau –fe → tukar f → v dan tambah –es.

   • knife → knives.

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📄 Page 224 – Spelling: Doubling Consonants

• Tambah satu huruf konsonan bila kata pendek dan berakhir dengan vokal + konsonan.

  • run → running, sit → sitting.

• Tapi jangan gandakan jika ada dua vokal sebelumnya.

  • rain → raining (bukan rainning).

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📄 Page 225 – Spelling: Dropping Final ‘e’

• Jika kata berakhir dengan e, gugurkan e bila tambah akhiran yang bermula dengan vokal.

  • make → making, drive → driving.

• Tapi jangan gugur bila akhiran bermula dengan konsonan.

  • hope → hopeful.

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📄 Page 226 – Common Spelling Confusions

• affect (verb) vs effect (noun)

• advise (verb) vs advice (noun)

• accept vs except

• principal (ketua) vs principle (prinsip)

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📄 Page 227 – Vocabulary: Synonyms

• Synonyms = perkataan dengan makna hampir sama.

  • angry – furious

  • begin – start

  • end – finish

  • big – large

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📄 Page 228 – Vocabulary: Antonyms

• Antonyms = perkataan dengan makna bertentangan.

  • hot – cold

  • strong – weak

  • happy – sad

  • rich – poor

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📄 Page 229 – Vocabulary: Homophones

• Homophones = sebutan sama, makna berbeza.

  • right / write / rite

  • pair / pear

  • two / too / to

  • sea / see

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📄 Page 230 – Vocabulary: Commonly Misused Words

• accept ≠ except

• complement ≠ compliment

• quiet ≠ quite

• lose ≠ loose

✅ Tip: Sentiasa semak makna sebelum guna perkataan yang nampak serupa ejaannya.

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📄 Page 231 – Idioms (Peribahasa Bahasa Inggeris)

• Idiom = ungkapan tetap yang maknanya tidak literal.

• Contoh biasa:

  • Break the ice → memulakan perbualan.

  • A blessing in disguise → sesuatu yang nampak buruk tapi sebenarnya baik.

  • Piece of cake → sangat mudah.

  • Let the cat out of the bag → terbongkar rahsia.

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📄 Page 232 – Common Idiomatic Expressions

• Hit the nail on the head → tepat pada sasaran.

• Burn the midnight oil → belajar/kerja hingga lewat malam.

• Crocodile tears → pura-pura menangis.

• Once in a blue moon → jarang berlaku.

• Bite the dust → kalah atau mati.

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📄 Page 233 – Proverbs (Peribahasa Inggeris)

• Proverb = nasihat atau pengajaran hidup.

  • A stitch in time saves nine. → cegah awal sebelum parah.

  • Honesty is the best policy. → kejujuran amalan terbaik.

  • Actions speak louder than words. → tindakan lebih penting daripada kata-kata.

  • Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. → jangan yakin sebelum pasti.

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📄 Page 234 – Figures of Speech (Gaya Bahasa)

• Figures of Speech digunakan untuk menjadikan bahasa lebih menarik dan berkesan.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Simile

  2. Metaphor

  3. Personification

  4. Hyperbole

  5. Oxymoron

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📄 Page 235 – Simile (Perbandingan)

• Guna perkataan like atau as untuk banding dua perkara.

• Contoh:

  • As brave as a lion.

  • He runs like the wind.

  • Her smile is like sunshine.

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📄 Page 236 – Metaphor (Kiasan Terus)

• Perbandingan tanpa guna like atau as.

• Contoh:

  • The world is a stage.

  • Time is money.

  • He is a shining star in the class.

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📄 Page 237 – Personification (Peri Kemanusiaan)

• Beri sifat manusia kepada benda bukan hidup.

• Contoh:

  • The sun smiled at us.

  • The wind whispered through the trees.

  • Opportunity knocks only once.

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📄 Page 238 – Hyperbole (Lebih-lebihan)

• Pernyataan yang sengaja dilebih-lebihkan.

• Contoh:

  • I’ve told you a million times!

  • He runs faster than lightning.

  • I’m dying of hunger.

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📄 Page 239 – Oxymoron & Alliteration

• Oxymoron → gabungan dua perkataan yang bertentangan.

  • Sweet sorrow, deafening silence, bitter sweet.

• Alliteration → pengulangan bunyi konsonan di awal perkataan.

  • She sells sea shells by the sea shore.

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📄 Page 240 – Revision: Figures of Speech

Jenis	Maksud	Contoh
Simile	Perbandingan guna as/like	As cool as ice
Metaphor	Kiasan tanpa as/like	He is a rock
Personification	Sifat manusia untuk benda	The stars danced
Hyperbole	Lebih-lebihan	I could sleep for a year!
Oxymoron	Dua idea bertentangan	Living dead

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📄 Page 241 – Practice on Proverbs

• Gunakan peribahasa dengan betul dalam ayat.

• Contoh:

  1. Honesty is the best policy. → Always tell the truth; honesty is the best policy.

  2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. → She helped me when I was sick — a friend in need is a friend indeed.

  3. Look before you leap. → Think carefully before acting; look before you leap.

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📄 Page 242 – More Proverbs & Meanings

• Better late than never → lebih baik lambat daripada tidak langsung.

• Empty vessels make the most noise → orang yang sedikit ilmu banyak bercakap.

• The pen is mightier than the sword → ilmu dan kata-kata lebih kuat daripada kekerasan.

• Where there’s a will, there’s a way → kalau ada usaha, pasti ada jalan.

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📄 Page 243 – Punctuation Review (Tanda Baca – Semakan)

• Comma (,) → pisahkan senarai atau klausa pendek.

• Semicolon (;) → sambung dua ayat rapat maknanya.

• Colon (:) → sebelum senarai/penerangan.

• Dash (—) → selitkan penjelasan tambahan.

• Brackets ( ) → untuk maklumat tambahan yang bukan utama.

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📄 Page 244 – Quotation Marks (“ ”) dan Apostrophe (’)

• Quotation Marks → untuk petikan langsung.

  • He said, “I am ready.”

• Apostrophe (’) digunakan untuk:

  1. Pemilikan: Ali’s book.

  2. Singkatan: don’t, it’s, I’m.

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📄 Page 245 – Hyphen (-) dan Dash (—)

• Hyphen (-) → sambung dua perkataan.

  • mother-in-law, well-known, two-thirds.

• Dash (—) → untuk penjelasan atau perubahan idea.

  • He was late — as usual!

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📄 Page 246 – Composition Writing (Pengenalan)

• Composition = penulisan karangan yang menyampaikan idea dengan jelas & tersusun.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Narrative (cerita)

  2. Descriptive (huraian)

  3. Expository (penjelasan)

  4. Argumentative (pendapat)

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📄 Page 247 – Parts of a Composition

1. Introduction – perkenalkan tajuk dan idea utama.

2. Body – huraikan isi penting (3–4 perenggan).

3. Conclusion – rumusan & penutup yang padat.

✏️ Tip: Guna peralihan seperti firstly, moreover, however, therefore, finally.

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📄 Page 248 – Narrative Writing

• Cerita pengalaman atau peristiwa.

• Gaya: menarik, ringkas, dan kronologi jelas.

• Contoh pembuka:

  • It was a cold and windy morning when the bus broke down.

  • I shall never forget the day I met my best friend.

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📄 Page 249 – Descriptive Writing

• Huraikan orang, tempat, atau suasana dengan jelas.

• Gunakan pancaindera (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch).

• Contoh:

  • The garden was full of colourful flowers and buzzing bees.

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📄 Page 250 – Expository & Argumentative Writing

• Expository: terangkan sesuatu secara logik.

  • The importance of reading books.

  • Struktur: definisi → sebab → kesimpulan.

• Argumentative: nyatakan pendapat dan hujah.

  • Should students wear school uniforms?

  • Guna kata sambung seperti on the other hand, furthermore, in conclusion.

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📄 Page 251 – Sample Composition: Narrative

📝 Tajuk: A Visit to the Zoo

• Introduction: nyatakan bila dan dengan siapa anda pergi.

  • Last Sunday, I went to the zoo with my family.

• Body: huraikan apa yang dilihat (haiwan, suasana, reaksi).

  • We saw lions, elephants, and monkeys swinging happily.

• Conclusion: rumuskan pengalaman atau pengajaran.

  • It was an enjoyable day and I learned a lot about animals.

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📄 Page 252 – Sample Composition: Descriptive

📝 Tajuk: My Best Friend

• Introduction: perkenalkan siapa dia.

  • My best friend is Aisha. She is kind and cheerful.

• Body: terangkan sifat, kebolehan, dan hubungan.

  • She always helps others and studies diligently.

• Conclusion: simpulkan dengan nilai persahabatan.

  • I am lucky to have a friend like her.

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📄 Page 253 – Sample Composition: Expository

📝 Tajuk: The Importance of Exercise

• Introduction: jelaskan mengapa topik penting.

  • Exercise keeps our body healthy and strong.

• Body: beri 2–3 sebab dan contoh.

  • It improves blood circulation and prevents obesity.

• Conclusion: rumuskan kepentingan.

  • A little exercise every day leads to a happy life.

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📄 Page 254 – Sample Composition: Argumentative

📝 Tajuk: Television – A Blessing or a Curse?

• For: sumber ilmu dan hiburan.

• Against: boleh buang masa dan ganggu pelajaran.

• Conclusion: simpulan seimbang.

  • Television is useful if watched wisely and in moderation.

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📄 Page 255 – Paragraph Writing (Penulisan Perenggan)

• Satu perenggan = satu idea utama.

• Struktur:

  1. Topic sentence – idea utama.

  2. Supporting sentences – huraian & contoh.

  3. Concluding sentence – rumusan.

• Contoh:

  • Reading is a good habit. It increases knowledge and improves thinking. Everyone should read daily.

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📄 Page 256 – Unity & Coherence in Paragraphs

• Unity: semua ayat mesti berkaitan dengan idea utama.

• Coherence: ayat disusun secara logik dan lancar.

• Gunakan penanda wacana: firstly, in addition, however, therefore, finally.

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📄 Page 257 – Letter Writing (Pengenalan)

• Dua jenis utama:

  1. Formal letter – urusan rasmi.

  2. Informal letter – kepada keluarga atau kawan.

• Ciri penting: format, bahasa sopan, isi tersusun.

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📄 Page 258 – Format Formal Letter

Bahagian utama:

1. Sender’s address

2. Date

3. Receiver’s address

4. Salutation (Sir/Madam)

5. Subject line

6. Body of the letter (3 perenggan)

7. Closing (Yours faithfully,)

8. Signature

📌 Contoh Tajuk: Application for Leave

I wish to apply for two days’ leave to attend a family function.

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📄 Page 259 – Format Informal Letter

Bahagian utama:

1. Sender’s address

2. Date

3. Salutation (Dear Ali,)

4. Body – gaya santai dan mesra.

5. Closing (Your loving friend,)

6. Signature

📌 Contoh Tajuk: Thank You Letter

Thank you for the beautiful gift you sent on my birthday.

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📄 Page 260 – Tips for Effective Letter Writing

✅ Gunakan ayat pendek dan jelas.
✅ Jangan ulang isi yang sama.
✅ Elak ejaan & tanda baca salah.
✅ Akhiri dengan nada positif atau sopan.

I look forward to your reply.
Thank you for your kind attention.

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📄 Page 261 – Expansion of Ideas (Pengenalan)

• Expansion bermaksud: mengembangkan satu ayat, tajuk, atau peribahasa menjadi karangan pendek.

• Tujuan: menguji kefahaman, kreativiti, dan kejelasan idea.

• Kaedah umum:

  1. Terangkan maksud tajuk.

  2. Beri contoh.

  3. Nyatakan pengajaran / nilai moral.

📘 Contoh:

• Time is gold. → Masa amat berharga, jika disia-siakan ia tidak dapat diganti semula.

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📄 Page 262 – Steps for Expanding an Idea

1. Understand the meaning of the proverb/statement.

2. Explain the idea in simple words.

3. Give examples from real life or stories.

4. Conclude with a moral or advice.

📘 Contoh:

• No pain, no gain. → Tiada kejayaan tanpa usaha keras.

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📄 Page 263 – Examples of Expansion

1. Honesty is the best policy.

   • Sentiasa berkata benar walaupun sukar.

2. Where there’s a will, there’s a way.

   • Jika kita benar-benar mahu, pasti ada jalan penyelesaian.

3. Rome was not built in a day.

   • Kejayaan memerlukan masa dan kesabaran.

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📄 Page 264 – Précis Writing (Pengenalan)

• Précis = ringkasan teks panjang kepada bentuk padat tanpa ubah maksud asal.

• Tujuan: menguji kemampuan memilih isi penting dan menulis secara ringkas.

“Say much in few words.”

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📄 Page 265 – Rules of Précis Writing

1. Baca teks asal 2–3 kali.

2. Kenal pasti idea utama setiap perenggan.

3. Buang contoh, ayat tambahan & huraian berulang.

4. Gunakan ayat sendiri (jangan salin bulat-bulat).

5. Tulis dalam 1/3 panjang asal.

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📄 Page 266 – Example of Précis Writing

Original Passage:

Education is the key to progress. It builds character, broadens minds, and prepares people for life.

Précis:

Education shapes a person’s mind and future.

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📄 Page 267 – Common Mistakes in Précis

🚫 Menulis terlalu panjang.
🚫 Guna ayat asal teks tanpa ubah.
🚫 Masukkan pendapat peribadi.
✅ Fokus hanya pada isi penting.

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📄 Page 268 – Comprehension (Pengenalan)

• Comprehension = kefahaman bacaan.

• Ujian: membaca teks dan menjawab soalan berdasarkan kandungan.

• Jenis soalan:

  1. Fakta (direct)

  2. Inferens (maksud tersirat)

  3. Vocabulary (makna perkataan)

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📄 Page 269 – Tips for Comprehension

✅ Baca teks dua kali dengan teliti.
✅ Gariskan kata kunci dalam soalan.
✅ Jawab dalam ayat pendek dan jelas.
✅ Gunakan perkataan sendiri (paraphrase).
✅ Jangan tambah maklumat yang tiada dalam teks.

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📄 Page 270 – Example of Comprehension Passage

Passage:

The sun gives light and energy to all living things. Without it, life would not exist.

Questions & Answers:

1. What does the sun give? → Light and energy.

2. Why is the sun important? → Because it supports all life.

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📄 Page 271 – Advanced Comprehension Practice

• Soalan comprehension lanjutan bukan sekadar fakta — ia uji:

  1. Inference → maksud tersirat.

  2. Tone → nada penulis (positif, negatif, neutral).

  3. Main idea → isi utama teks.

📘 Contoh:

“He walked away without a word.”
🧐 Inference: Dia marah atau kecewa.

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📄 Page 272 – Vocabulary in Context

• Fahami makna perkataan berdasarkan ayat.

• Contoh:

  • The teacher was stern but fair. → stern = tegas.

  • She looked pale after the exam. → pale = pucat.

• Tip: lihat perkataan sekeliling (context clues).

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📄 Page 273 – Story Completion (Melengkapkan Cerita)

• Tugasan: teruskan cerita yang diberi permulaan.

• Teknik:

  1. Kekalkan nada & gaya asal.

  2. Pastikan jalan cerita logik.

  3. Tutup dengan pengakhiran yang jelas (happy/sad/moral).

📘 Contoh:

“As I entered the dark cave, I heard a strange noise…”
➡ Teruskan dengan ketegangan dan penutup yang menarik.

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📄 Page 274 – Hints Development

• Diberi beberapa “clues” dan pelajar perlu bina cerita penuh.

• Langkah:

  1. Susun kronologi.

  2. Tambah sambungan logik.

  3. Akhiri dengan pengajaran.

📘 Contoh:

Lost wallet – honest boy – returns it – rewarded by owner.
➡ Cerita: Nilai kejujuran dan ganjaran kebaikan.

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📄 Page 275 – Grammar Revision: Tenses

• Simple Present: fakta umum (He plays football.)

• Present Continuous: sedang berlaku (He is playing now.)

• Simple Past: peristiwa lampau (He played yesterday.)

• Past Continuous: sedang berlaku dulu (He was playing when it rained.)

• Future Tense: perkara akan datang (He will play tomorrow.)

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📄 Page 276 – Grammar Revision: Articles

• ‘a’ = benda tunggal, sebutan konsonan (a cat).

• ‘an’ = sebutan vokal (an apple).

• ‘the’ = benda khusus atau telah diketahui (the sun, the book on the table).
  📘 Zero article → bila guna nama am secara umum (Milk is good for health.)

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📄 Page 277 – Grammar Revision: Prepositions

• Menunjukkan hubungan tempat, masa, arah, cara.

• Contoh:

  • in, on, at, by, under, over, between, among, during, for, since.
    📘 Contoh ayat:

  • He is at school.

  • The cat is under the table.

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📄 Page 278 – Grammar Revision: Conjunctions

• Menghubungkan perkataan atau klausa.

• Jenis:

  1. Coordinating: and, but, or, so, for.

  2. Subordinating: because, although, when, if.
     📘 Contoh:

  • He tried hard but failed.

  • She left because it was late.

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📄 Page 279 – Grammar Revision: Active & Passive Voice

• Active: subjek melakukan tindakan.

  • Ali kicked the ball.

• Passive: tindakan dikenakan pada subjek.

  • The ball was kicked by Ali.
    📘 Guna bentuk pasif bila tindakan lebih penting dari pelaku.

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📄 Page 280 – Grammar Revision: Direct & Indirect Speech

• Direct: petikan terus.

  • He said, “I am tired.”

• Indirect: ubah ke bentuk laporan.

  • He said that he was tired.
    📘 Perubahan penting:

  • Tense → satu langkah ke belakang.

  • Kata ganti nama → ikut konteks.

  • Kata masa → now → then, today → that day.

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📄 Page 281 – Grammar Revision Exercises (Bahagian 1)

🧠 Ujian menyeluruh untuk semak pemahaman:

• Tukar ayat aktif ↔ pasif.

• Tukar direct ↔ indirect speech.

• Betulkan kesalahan tatabahasa.

• Lengkapkan ayat dengan artikel atau preposisi yang betul.

📘 Contoh:

1. He said, “I am busy.” → He said that he was busy.

2. The book was read by I. ❌ → The book was read by me. ✅

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📄 Page 282 – Grammar Revision Exercises (Bahagian 2)

Latihan pilihan pelbagai (MCQ):

1. Choose the correct verb:

   • She (go/goes) to school every day. ✅ goes

2. Choose the right preposition:

   • He is good at drawing. ✅

Tip: Latihan ini membantu kuatkan asas sebelum peperiksaan.

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📄 Page 283 – Sentence Correction Practice

• Kenal pasti dan betulkan kesalahan biasa:

  1. He did not knew the answer. ❌ → He did not know the answer. ✅

  2. She is senior than me. ❌ → She is senior to me. ✅

  3. I prefer tea than coffee. ❌ → I prefer tea to coffee. ✅

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📄 Page 284 – Common Errors in Usage

Beza antara perkataan hampir sama:

Salah	Betul	Nota
discuss about	discuss	“about” tidak perlu
return back	return	“back” berlebihan
more better	better	“more” tidak perlu
comprised of	composed of	“comprise” tidak guna “of”

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📄 Page 285 – Essay Writing Practice

Tajuk-tajuk contoh untuk latihan:

1. The Value of Time

2. My Ambition in Life

3. Technology and Youth

4. Discipline Leads to Success

Struktur karangan:

• Introduction (nyatakan pandangan umum)

• Body (3 isi utama)

• Conclusion (rumusan dan nilai)

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📄 Page 286 – Sample Essay: The Value of Time

• Masa sangat berharga; tidak boleh dibeli semula.

• Orang berjaya pandai mengurus masa.

• Tangguh kerja = hilang peluang.
  📘 Moral: Gunakan masa sebaik mungkin sebelum terlambat.

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📄 Page 287 – Sample Essay: My Ambition in Life

• Nyatakan cita-cita dan sebab memilihnya.

• Contoh: I want to be a teacher to guide the young generation.

• Akhiri dengan niat baik & tekad berusaha.
  📘 Moral: Cita-cita memberi arah dan semangat hidup.

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📄 Page 288 – Summary of Key Grammar Rules

📘 Tenses: Past, Present, Future — pilih mengikut masa tindakan.
📘 Articles: a, an, the – ikut sebutan dan kejelasan benda.
📘 Prepositions: at (masa tepat), on (hari), in (bulan/tempat luas).
📘 Voice: aktif → pelaku utama, pasif → tindakan lebih penting.
📘 Speech: tukar tense & kata ganti bila ubah ke indirect.

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📄 Page 289 – Writing Do’s and Don’ts

✅ Do’s:

• Gunakan ayat pendek dan jelas.

• Semak ejaan & tanda baca.

• Guna perbendaharaan kata yang sesuai.

🚫 Don’ts:

• Jangan ulang isi.

• Jangan guna slang atau bahasa rojak.

• Jangan abaikan penutup ayat.

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📄 Page 290 – Final Revision Checklist

🔹 Faham semua bahagian grammar utama.
🔹 Boleh tulis karangan 100–150 patah perkataan dengan struktur betul.
🔹 Hafal sekurang-kurangnya 10 idioms dan 10 proverbs.
🔹 Latih comprehension dan précis setiap minggu.

📘 Motivasi Akhir:

“Good grammar and good writing are the keys to confident communication.” ✨

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