Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 1–10 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin). Saya ringkaskan setiap muka surat supaya mudah faham:
📄 Page 1 – The Sentence
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Sentence = kumpulan perkataan dengan makna lengkap.
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Jenis-jenis ayat:
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Assertive (Pernyataan) → She goes to school.
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Interrogative (Soalan) → Where are you going?
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Imperative (Arahan/Permintaan) → Close the door.
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Exclamatory (Seruan) → What a beautiful day!
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📄 Page 2 – Subject & Predicate
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Subject = bahagian yang menunjukkan siapa/apa yang dibicarakan.
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Predicate = apa yang diterangkan tentang subjek.
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Contoh: Birds fly.
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Subject = Birds
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Predicate = fly
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📄 Page 3 – Phrase & Clause
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Phrase = kumpulan perkataan tanpa subjek + kata kerja. (contoh: in the garden).
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Clause = kumpulan perkataan ada subjek + kata kerja. (contoh: She sings well).
📄 Page 4 – Parts of Speech
8 jenis kata dalam English:
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Noun – nama (boy, pen)
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Pronoun – ganti nama (he, she)
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Adjective – sifat (big, tall)
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Verb – kata kerja (eat, run)
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Adverb – menerangkan verb/adjective (quickly, very)
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Preposition – menunjukkan hubungan (in, on, under)
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Conjunction – penghubung (and, but, because)
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Interjection – kata seru (oh!, wow!)
📄 Page 5 – The Noun: Kinds of Nouns
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Proper noun: nama khas (Ali, London).
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Common noun: nama umum (boy, city).
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Collective noun: kumpulan (team, crowd).
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Abstract noun: idea/sifat (honesty, beauty).
📄 Page 6 – The Noun: Gender
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Masculine: lelaki (king, uncle).
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Feminine: perempuan (queen, aunt).
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Common gender: boleh lelaki/perempuan (child, friend).
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Neuter gender: benda mati (book, table).
📄 Page 7 – The Noun: Number
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Singular: satu (boy, pen).
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Plural: lebih dari satu (boys, pens).
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Peraturan plural:
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Tambah –s (book → books).
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Tambah –es (class → classes).
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Tukar huruf (man → men, child → children).
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📄 Page 8 – The Noun: Case
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Nominative case → noun sebagai subjek. (Ali kicks the ball.)
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Objective case → noun sebagai objek. (The boy kicks the ball.)
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Possessive case → menunjukkan hak milik. (Ali’s book, the boy’s toy).
📄 Page 9 – The Adjective
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Adjective = menerangkan noun.
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Contoh: a beautiful flower, an honest man.
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Jenis:
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Adjective of quality (kind, honest).
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Adjective of quantity (some, much).
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Numeral adjective (one, first).
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Demonstrative (this, those).
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Interrogative (which, what).
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Possessive (my, your).
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📄 Page 10 – Comparison of Adjectives
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Positive degree: tall
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Comparative degree: taller (Ali is taller than Abu).
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Superlative degree: tallest (Ali is the tallest boy).
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Beza:
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one-syllable → tambah -er/-est (big → bigger → biggest).
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banyak suku kata → guna more/most (beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful).
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📄 Page 11 – Adjectives used as Nouns
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Kadang-kadang adjective digunakan sebagai noun.
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Contoh:
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The rich should help the poor. (rich = orang kaya, poor = orang miskin).
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Kata sifat boleh jadi:
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Nama kumpulan (the blind, the deaf).
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Menunjukkan sesuatu (the beautiful = perkara yang indah).
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📄 Page 12 – Position of Adjectives
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Biasanya adjective datang sebelum noun: a good boy.
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Boleh datang selepas verb tertentu: The boy is tall.
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Nota: Sesetengah adjective mesti digunakan selepas verb (contoh: afraid, alive, alone).
📄 Page 13 – Correct Use of Some Adjectives
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Beza antara adjective yang hampir sama maksud.
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Contoh:
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Each vs Every
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Some vs Any
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Little vs A little vs The little
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Latihan diberikan untuk guna adjective dengan tepat.
📄 Page 14 – Articles
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A / An digunakan untuk singular noun yang tidak spesifik.
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a book, an apple.
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The digunakan untuk sesuatu yang spesifik.
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the sun, the book on the table.
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Nota: Tiada article untuk benda umum: Sugar is sweet.
📄 Page 15 – Personal Pronouns
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Pronoun = ganti nama.
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Orang pertama: I, we, me, us.
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Orang kedua: you.
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Orang ketiga: he, she, it, they, him, her, them.
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Pronoun mesti selaras dengan kata kerja:
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He is, bukan He are.
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📄 Page 16 – Reflexive & Emphatic Pronouns
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Reflexive pronoun: menunjukkan tindakan kembali kepada subjek.
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I hurt myself.
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Emphatic pronoun: untuk penekanan.
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I myself saw it.
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📄 Page 17 – Demonstrative, Indefinite & Distributive Pronouns
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Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
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Indefinite: some, any, none, all, few, many.
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Distributive: each, either, neither.
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Contoh:
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Neither answer is correct.
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Each boy got a prize.
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📄 Page 18 – Relative Pronouns
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Digunakan untuk sambung ayat.
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Who – untuk manusia (subjek).
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Whom – untuk manusia (objek).
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Whose – menunjukkan milik.
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Which – untuk benda/haiwan.
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That – boleh ganti who/which.
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Contoh: This is the boy who won the prize.
📄 Page 19 – Interrogative Pronouns
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Digunakan untuk soalan.
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Contoh: who, whom, whose, which, what.
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Contoh ayat:
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Who is there?
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Whose book is this?
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📄 Page 20 – The Verb
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Verb = kata kerja / kata tindakan.
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Jenis verb:
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Transitive verb – ada objek (Ali kicks the ball).
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Intransitive verb – tiada objek (The baby cries).
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Nota: Sesetengah verb boleh jadi dua-dua bergantung pada ayat.
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She sings well (intransitive).
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She sings a song (transitive).
📄 Page 21 – The Verb: Person & Number
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Verb mesti selaras dengan orang dan bilangan subjek.
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Contoh:
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He goes (bukan He go).
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They go (bukan They goes).
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Orang pertama (I/we), orang kedua (you), orang ketiga (he/she/it/they).
📄 Page 22 – The Verb: Transitive & Intransitive
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Transitive verb: perlu objek. → Ali kicks the ball.
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Intransitive verb: tidak perlukan objek. → The baby cries.
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Nota: Ada verb boleh jadi dua-dua.
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He runs fast (intransitive).
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He runs a company (transitive).
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📄 Page 23 – Active & Passive Voice
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Active voice: subjek buat tindakan. → The boy kicks the ball.
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Passive voice: subjek menerima tindakan. → The ball is kicked by the boy.
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Gunakan passive jika tumpuan pada objek/tindakan, bukan pelaku.
📄 Page 24 – Mood
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Indicative mood: menyatakan fakta/soalan. → He goes to school.
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Imperative mood: arahan/perintah. → Close the door.
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Subjunctive mood: harapan/andaian. → If I were a bird…
📄 Page 25 – Tenses (Pengenalan)
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Tense = menunjukkan masa sesuatu berlaku.
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3 bentuk utama:
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Present (sekarang)
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Past (lepas)
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Future (akan datang)
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Setiap satu ada Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous.
📄 Page 26 – Simple Present Tense
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Digunakan untuk:
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Fakta umum (The sun rises in the east.)
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Kebiasaan (He plays football every day.)
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Kata kerja tambah -s/-es untuk orang ketiga singular.
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He plays, She goes.
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📄 Page 27 – Present Continuous Tense
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Bentuk: is/are/am + verb-ing.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Perkara sedang berlaku (She is reading now.)
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Perkara sementara (They are living in KL this month.)
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📄 Page 28 – Present Perfect Tense
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Bentuk: have/has + past participle.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Tindakan baru selesai (I have eaten.)
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Pengalaman (She has visited London.)
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Tindakan berterusan dari dulu hingga sekarang (They have lived here for 5 years.)
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📄 Page 29 – Present Perfect Continuous Tense
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Bentuk: have/has been + verb-ing.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Perkara bermula dulu dan masih berterusan (I have been studying for two hours.)
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Tekankan durasi sesuatu aktiviti.
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📄 Page 30 – Simple Past Tense
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Digunakan untuk: tindakan yang sudah selesai pada masa lepas.
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Contoh:
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He went to school yesterday.
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They played football last week.
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Kata kerja biasanya bentuk lampau: go → went, play → played.
📄 Page 31 – Past Continuous Tense
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Bentuk: was/were + verb-ing.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Perkara yang sedang berlaku pada masa lampau.
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He was reading when I came.
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Dua perkara berlaku serentak pada masa lalu.
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While she was cooking, the children were playing.
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📄 Page 32 – Past Perfect Tense
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Bentuk: had + past participle.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Tindakan selesai sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu.
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He had left before I arrived.
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Peristiwa masa lalu yang sudah selesai.
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📄 Page 33 – Past Perfect Continuous Tense
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Bentuk: had been + verb-ing.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Tindakan bermula pada masa lalu dan berterusan hingga masa lalu yang lain.
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He had been working for two hours before they arrived.
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📄 Page 34 – Simple Future Tense
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Bentuk: shall/will + verb.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Perkara akan datang. → I will go tomorrow.
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Janji / tekad. → I will help you.
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📄 Page 35 – Future Continuous Tense
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Bentuk: shall/will be + verb-ing.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Tindakan yang akan sedang berlaku pada masa depan tertentu.
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I will be reading at 8 p.m.
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📄 Page 36 – Future Perfect Tense
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Bentuk: shall/will have + past participle.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Tindakan selesai sebelum masa tertentu di masa depan.
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I will have finished the work by tomorrow.
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📄 Page 37 – Future Perfect Continuous Tense
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Bentuk: shall/will have been + verb-ing.
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Digunakan untuk:
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Tindakan yang berterusan hingga waktu tertentu pada masa depan.
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By next year, I will have been teaching for 10 years.
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📄 Page 38 – Sequence of Tenses (Peraturan)
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Bila ayat utama dalam past tense, klausa ikutannya biasanya ikut past tense juga.
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Contoh:
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He said that he was ill.
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She said that she had finished her work.
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📄 Page 39 – Sequence of Tenses (Pengecualian)
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Jika ayat menunjukkan kebenaran umum, tense tidak berubah.
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Contoh:
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The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun. (bukan moved).
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📄 Page 40 – Direct & Indirect Speech (Pengenalan)
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Direct speech: kata-kata asal → He said, “I am tired.”
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Indirect speech: kata-kata dilaporkan → He said that he was tired.
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Perubahan tense berlaku bila tukar dari direct → indirect.
📄 Page 41 – Rules for Indirect Speech (1)
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Bila tukar direct → indirect:
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Simple present → simple past.
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He said, “I write a letter.” → He said that he wrote a letter.
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Present continuous → past continuous.
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He said, “I am writing a letter.” → He said that he was writing a letter.
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📄 Page 42 – Rules for Indirect Speech (2)
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Present perfect → past perfect.
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Past tense → past perfect.
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Future (shall/will) → should/would.
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He said, “I shall go.” → He said that he would go.
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📄 Page 43 – Pronouns in Indirect Speech
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Ganti nama mesti ikut subjek & objek ayat.
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He said, “I am happy.” → He said that he was happy.
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She said to me, “You are late.” → She told me that I was late.
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📄 Page 44 – Adverbs in Indirect Speech
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Perubahan kata keterangan masa/tempat:
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now → then
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today → that day
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yesterday → the previous day
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tomorrow → the next day
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here → there
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📄 Page 45 – Questions in Indirect Speech
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Soalan yes/no: guna if/whether.
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He said, “Are you well?” → He asked if I was well.
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Soalan wh- ikut perkataan asal.
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He said, “Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived.
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📄 Page 46 – Commands & Requests in Indirect Speech
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Guna told/asked + to-infinitive.
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He said, “Open the door.” → He told me to open the door.
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He said, “Please help me.” → He requested me to help him.
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📄 Page 47 – Exclamations & Wishes in Indirect Speech
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Guna kata kerja seperti exclaimed, wished, prayed.
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He said, “What a fine day!” → He exclaimed that it was a very fine day.
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He said, “May God bless you.” → He prayed that God might bless me.
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📄 Page 48 – The Verb: Principal & Auxiliary
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Principal verb = kata kerja utama (eat, run, write).
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Auxiliary verb = kata kerja bantu.
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be, have, do → auxiliary utama.
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shall, will, may, can, must → modal auxiliary.
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📄 Page 49 – Uses of Auxiliary “Be, Have, Do”
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Be: membentuk continuous & passive.
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I am writing, He was punished.
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Have: membentuk perfect tense.
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I have seen, They had gone.
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Do: untuk soalan & penekanan.
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Do you play? I do like tea.
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📄 Page 50 – Modal Auxiliaries
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Modal verbs: shall, will, can, may, must, ought to, need, dare, used to.
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Guna untuk tunjuk kemungkinan, keperluan, kewajipan, izin.
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You must obey rules.
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He can swim.
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May I come in?
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📄 Page 51 – Modal Verbs (Uses)
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Shall: janji, tekad (I shall return.).
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Will: kesanggupan, kebiasaan (He will help you.).
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Should: nasihat, kewajipan (You should study.).
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Would: kesanggupan dulu, kesopanan (He would sit for hours.).
📄 Page 52 – More on Modal Verbs
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May: izin, kemungkinan (May I come in? / It may rain.).
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Might: kemungkinan kecil (He might be late.).
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Must: kewajipan kuat, kepastian (You must obey. / He must be ill.).
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Ought to: kewajipan moral (We ought to help the poor.).
📄 Page 53 – Modal Verbs (Need & Dare)
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Need: keperluan (You need not come.).
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Dare: keberanian / cabaran (He dared not speak. / How dare you say so!).
📄 Page 54 – Passive Voice (Pengenalan)
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Bentuk: be + past participle.
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Contoh:
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Active: He writes a letter.
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Passive: A letter is written by him.
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Digunakan bila tumpuan pada tindakan/objek, bukan pelaku.
📄 Page 55 – Passive Voice (Tenses)
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Present: A letter is written.
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Past: A letter was written.
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Future: A letter will be written.
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Perfect: A letter has been written.
📄 Page 56 – Passive Voice (Modal Verbs)
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Bentuk: modal + be + past participle.
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Contoh:
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The work must be done.
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The letter can be posted.
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📄 Page 57 – Infinitives (Pengenalan)
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Infinitive = to + verb (to go, to eat).
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Digunakan sebagai:
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Subjek (To err is human.).
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Objek (I like to read.).
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Tujuan (He went to school to study.).
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📄 Page 58 – Infinitives (Bare & Split)
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Bare infinitive: tanpa to (let him go, make him do).
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Split infinitive: to + adverb + verb (to boldly go).
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Elakkan split infinitive dalam penulisan formal.
📄 Page 59 – Participles (Pengenalan)
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Present participle: verb-ing (running, eating).
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Past participle: bentuk lampau (written, eaten).
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Digunakan sebagai adjective.
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A running boy, A broken chair.
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📄 Page 60 – Gerunds
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Gerund = verb + -ing yang digunakan sebagai noun.
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Contoh:
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Subjek: Swimming is good exercise.
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Objek: He likes reading.
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Selepas preposition: She is fond of dancing.
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📄 Page 61 – Participle Phrases
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Participle boleh bentuk frasa.
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Contoh:
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Hearing the noise, he woke up.
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Driven by hunger, he stole bread.
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Nota: Frasa ini berfungsi sebagai adjective.
📄 Page 62 – Absolute Constructions
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Absolute construction: frasa bebas dengan participle.
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Contoh:
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The weather being fine, we went out.
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God willing, we shall succeed.
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Memberi latar belakang atau sebab tambahan.
📄 Page 63 – Gerund Phrases
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Gerund + perkataan lain → frasa noun.
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Contoh:
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Playing football is fun.
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He is fond of reading novels.
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Nota: Selalu jadi subjek atau objek.
📄 Page 64 – Difference between Gerund & Participle
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Gerund: -ing berfungsi sebagai noun. (Swimming is healthy.)
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Participle: -ing berfungsi sebagai adjective. (Swimming boys are tired.)
📄 Page 65 – Uses of the Same Word
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Ada perkataan boleh jadi gerund atau participle bergantung konteks.
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Contoh:
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I like painting. (gerund)
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A painting boy. (participle)
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📄 Page 66 – The Noun Clause (Pengenalan)
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Noun clause = klausa yang berfungsi sebagai noun.
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Contoh:
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I know that he is honest.
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What you said is true.
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Digunakan sebagai subjek atau objek.
📄 Page 67 – Uses of Noun Clauses
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Sebagai subjek → What he said is true.
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Sebagai objek → I know that he is honest.
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Selepas preposition → I am interested in what you do.
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Selepas kata adjektif → I am glad that he passed.
📄 Page 68 – The Adjective Clause (Pengenalan)
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Adjective clause = klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjective.
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Contoh:
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The boy who is tall is my friend.
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This is the book which I bought.
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📄 Page 69 – Relative Pronouns dalam Adjective Clause
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Kata ganti relatif yang biasa digunakan: who, whom, whose, which, that.
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The man who came yesterday is my uncle.
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The book that you gave me is useful.
📄 Page 70 – Restrictive vs Non-restrictive Clauses
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Restrictive clause: penting untuk makna ayat, tiada koma.
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The man who is tall is my brother.
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Non-restrictive clause: hanya tambahan maklumat, guna koma.
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Ali, who is tall, is my brother.
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📄 Page 71 – Adverb Clauses (Pengenalan)
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Adverb clause = klausa yang berfungsi seperti adverb (menerangkan verb/adjective).
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Contoh:
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He works hard because he wants to succeed.
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I will go if you come.
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📄 Page 72 – Adverb Clauses of Time
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Menunjukkan masa sesuatu berlaku.
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Penanda: when, while, after, before, since, as, till, until.
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Contoh:
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Wait here until I return.
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I was reading when he came.
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📄 Page 73 – Adverb Clauses of Place
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Menunjukkan tempat sesuatu berlaku.
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Penanda: where, wherever.
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Contoh:
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He went where he was invited.
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Sit wherever you like.
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📄 Page 74 – Adverb Clauses of Purpose
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Menunjukkan tujuan.
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Penanda: that, so that, in order that.
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Contoh:
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He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.
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📄 Page 75 – Adverb Clauses of Cause or Reason
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Menunjukkan sebab.
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Penanda: because, since, as.
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Contoh:
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He failed because he was careless.
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📄 Page 76 – Adverb Clauses of Result or Consequence
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Menunjukkan akibat.
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Penanda: so…that, such…that.
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Contoh:
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He spoke so loudly that all could hear him.
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It was such a fine day that we went out.
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📄 Page 77 – Adverb Clauses of Condition
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Menunjukkan syarat.
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Penanda: if, unless, whether.
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Contoh:
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If it rains, we shall stay at home.
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You will fail unless you work hard.
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📄 Page 78 – Adverb Clauses of Concession
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Menunjukkan pertentangan (walaupun).
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Penanda: though, although, even if.
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Contoh:
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Though he is poor, he is honest.
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📄 Page 79 – Adverb Clauses of Comparison
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Menunjukkan perbandingan.
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Penanda: as…as, than.
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Contoh:
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He is stronger than I am.
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She is as tall as her brother.
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📄 Page 80 – Adverb Clauses of Manner & Degree
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Manner: bagaimana sesuatu berlaku.
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Penanda: as, as if, as though.
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Contoh: He talks as if he knew everything.
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Degree/Extent: tahap sesuatu.
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Penanda: as far as, according as.
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Contoh: You may stay here as far as you like.
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📄 Page 81 – Adverb Clauses (Ringkasan)
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Semua jenis adverb clause boleh diringkas dengan frasa participle.
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Contoh:
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When he saw me, he ran away. → Seeing me, he ran away.
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As he was ill, he could not come. → Being ill, he could not come.
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📄 Page 82 – Simple, Compound & Complex Sentences (Pengenalan)
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Simple: satu klausa bebas. (He reads books.)
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Compound: dua klausa bebas, dihubungkan dengan conjunction. (He came and he sat.)
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Complex: satu klausa utama + satu/klausa anak. (I know that he is honest.)
📄 Page 83 – Compound Sentences
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Diikat dengan coordinating conjunctions:
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and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
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Contoh:
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He is poor but he is honest.
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Work hard or you will fail.
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📄 Page 84 – Complex Sentences
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Terdiri daripada klausa utama + subordinate clause.
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Subordinate clause boleh jadi:
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Noun clause → I know that he is honest.
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Adjective clause → This is the book that I bought.
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Adverb clause → He left because it rained.
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📄 Page 85 – Transformation of Sentences (Pengenalan)
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Tukar ayat dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lain tanpa ubah makna.
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Jenis perubahan:
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Affirmative ↔ Negative
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Active ↔ Passive
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Direct ↔ Indirect Speech
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Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex
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📄 Page 86 – Transformation: Affirmative ↔ Negative
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Affirmative ke Negative → tambah perkataan not/no/never.
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Contoh:
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He is always punctual. → He is never late.
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She is wise. → She is not foolish.
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📄 Page 87 – Transformation: Interrogative ↔ Assertive
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Soalan boleh ditukar ke pernyataan.
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Contoh:
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Who does not know him? → Everyone knows him.
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Is he not honest? → He is honest.
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📄 Page 88 – Transformation: Exclamatory ↔ Assertive
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Contoh:
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How beautiful is the moon! → The moon is very beautiful.
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What a pity! → It is a great pity.
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📄 Page 89 – Transformation: Active ↔ Passive Voice
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He helps me. → I am helped by him.
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They will finish the work. → The work will be finished by them.
📄 Page 90 – Transformation: Direct ↔ Indirect Speech
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He said, “I am tired.” → He said that he was tired.
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She said, “Where are you going?” → She asked where I was going.
📄 Page 91 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Compound
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Simple → Compound: gunakan and, but, so.
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Being tired, he went to bed. → He was tired and he went to bed.
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Compound → Simple: tukar ke participle phrase.
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He worked hard and he succeeded. → Working hard, he succeeded.
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📄 Page 92 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Complex
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Simple → Complex: tambah klausa.
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On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.
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Complex → Simple: tukar klausa ke frasa.
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He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.
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📄 Page 93 – Transformation: Compound ↔ Complex
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Compound → Complex: gantikan dengan subordinate clause.
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He must work hard or he will fail. → He will fail if he does not work hard.
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Complex → Compound: tukar klausa ke dua ayat mudah.
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I found the pen that I had lost. → I had lost a pen and I found it.
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📄 Page 94 – Synthesis of Sentences (Pengenalan)
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Synthesis = gabungkan dua/lebih ayat jadi satu.
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Contoh:
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He is honest. He is poor. → He is poor but honest.
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📄 Page 95 – Synthesis with Participles
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Gabung ayat dengan participle.
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He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.
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📄 Page 96 – Synthesis with Infinitives
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Gabung ayat dengan infinitive (to + verb).
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He wanted to pass. He worked hard. → He worked hard to pass.
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📄 Page 97 – Synthesis with Noun/Phrase
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Tukar klausa ke noun atau frasa.
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He failed because he was careless. → He failed due to carelessness.
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📄 Page 98 – Synthesis with Conjunctions
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Gabung dengan kata hubung.
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He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but he is honest.
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📄 Page 99 – Synthesis with Adverbs/Prepositions
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Gabung menggunakan adverb/preposition.
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He failed. He was careless. → He failed through carelessness.
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📄 Page 100 – Synthesis (Ringkasan)
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Cara gabungan utama:
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Guna participle (Being tired, he slept.)
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Guna infinitive (He worked hard to succeed.)
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Guna kata hubung (He is poor but honest.)
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Guna frasa (He failed for want of care.)
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Tiada ulasan:
Catat Ulasan
Dapat sesuatu dari entry di atas? komen le cikit ;)