1. NOTA TERPERINCI : Struktur ayat (Parts of Speech) dan pengenalan grammar

Di bawah ini ialah nota terperinci muka surat 1 hingga 10 daripada buku High School English Grammar and Composition oleh Wren & Martin.
Bahagian ini adalah asas struktur ayat (Parts of Speech) dan pengenalan grammar.

📄 Page 1 – Introduction to Grammar

Grammar ialah sistem dan peraturan bahasa. Ia membantu kita membina ayat yang betul dan mudah difahami.
Bahasa tanpa grammar seperti badan tanpa tulang.

📘 Definisi penting:

• Grammar = susunan perkataan untuk membentuk ayat bermakna.

• Tujuan: supaya penutur & pendengar memahami mesej dengan tepat.

📘 Contoh:

• Salah: He going school every day.

• Betul: He goes to school every day.

📌 Nota Hafalan: Grammar = aturan untuk membentuk ayat yang betul dan bermakna.

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📄 Page 2 – The Sentence

Sentence = sekumpulan perkataan yang menyatakan idea lengkap.

📘 Ciri-ciri ayat:

1. Mempunyai Subject (siapa) dan Predicate (apa yang dilakukan).

2. Menyampaikan fikiran lengkap.

📘 Contoh:

• The boy runs.
  → Subject = The boy
  → Predicate = runs

📌 Nota Penting:

• Ayat mesti bermula huruf besar & diakhiri tanda baca (. ? !)

• A sentence makes complete sense.

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📄 Page 3 – Kinds of Sentences (Jenis-jenis Ayat)

Terdapat 4 jenis utama ayat:

1️⃣ Declarative / Assertive – Menyatakan fakta atau maklumat.
👉 She is a teacher.

2️⃣ Interrogative – Soalan.
👉 Are you happy?

3️⃣ Imperative – Arahan, permintaan, nasihat.
👉 Sit down. / Please be quiet.

4️⃣ Exclamatory – Perasaan kuat.
👉 What a beautiful day!

📌 Nota Hafalan:
D = declare
I = interrogate
I = instruct
E = express
➡️ (DIIE = senang hafal 4 jenis ayat)

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📄 Page 4 – Subject and Predicate

Setiap ayat terdiri daripada 2 bahagian utama:

Bahagian	Fungsi	Contoh
Subject	Siapa / apa yang dibincangkan	The cat sleeps.
Predicate	Apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek	The cat sleeps.

📘 Nota:

• Subject biasanya di awal ayat.

• Predicate mesti ada kata kerja (verb).

📌 Tip:
Cari kata kerja → semua sebelum itu biasanya subject.

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📄 Page 5 – Parts of Speech (Bahagian Tatabahasa)

Terdapat 8 bahagian utama tatabahasa:

No.	Nama	Fungsi	Contoh
1	Noun	Nama orang, tempat, benda	boy, school, honesty
2	Pronoun	Ganti nama	he, she, it, they
3	Adjective	Sifat	tall, beautiful
4	Verb	Kata kerja	run, eat, write
5	Adverb	Menerangkan kata kerja	quickly, very
6	Preposition	Hubung kata dengan kata	in, on, at
7	Conjunction	Sambung dua perkataan/ayat	and, but, because
8	Interjection	Seruan spontan	oh!, wow!, alas!

📌 Nota Hafalan:
➡️ NAPAVPCI (Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Adverb, Verb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection)

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📄 Page 6 – The Noun (Kata Nama)

Noun = nama bagi orang, tempat, benda, binatang atau idea.

📘 Jenis-jenis Noun:

1. Proper Noun – nama khas (Ali, Malaysia)

2. Common Noun – nama umum (boy, country)

3. Collective Noun – kumpulan (team, class)

4. Abstract Noun – idea / kualiti (honesty, beauty)

5. Material Noun – bahan fizikal (gold, water)

📌 Contoh:

• Ali (Proper) is a good boy (Common) with honesty (Abstract).

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📄 Page 7 – The Noun: Number (Singular & Plural)

Singular = satu.
Plural = lebih daripada satu.

📘 Peraturan umum:

Singular	Plural	Kaedah
book	books	tambah -s
box	boxes	tambah -es
baby	babies	ubah -y → -ies
man	men	ubah bentuk
sheep	sheep	tiada perubahan

📌 Tip:
Kata berakhir dengan s, x, z, ch, sh → tambah -es.

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📄 Page 8 – The Noun: Gender (Jantina)

Jenis	Contoh
Masculine	boy, king, father
Feminine	girl, queen, mother
Common	teacher, child, student
Neuter	table, pen, tree

📘 Nota Tambahan:

• Actor – Actress

• Lion – Lioness

• Hero – Heroine

📌 Tip Hafalan:
Masculine ↔ Feminine biasanya tambah “-ess” (tetapi tidak semua).

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📄 Page 9 – The Pronoun (Kata Ganti Nama)

Pronoun menggantikan noun untuk elak pengulangan.

📘 Jenis-jenis Pronoun:

Jenis	Fungsi	Contoh
Personal	ganti nama orang	I, you, he, she, they
Reflexive	kembali kepada diri	myself, himself
Demonstrative	tunjuk benda	this, that, those
Interrogative	soalan	who, what, which
Relative	hubung ayat	who, which, that
Indefinite	umum	someone, everyone, anything

📌 Contoh:

• Ali is kind. He helps others.
  (He = pronoun ganti “Ali”)

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📄 Page 10 – Agreement of Verb with Subject

Kata kerja mesti setuju dengan subjek (singular/plural).

📘 Peraturan utama:
1️⃣ Singular subject → singular verb

• He runs fast.
  2️⃣ Plural subject → plural verb

• They run fast.

📘 Kes khas:

• Either / Neither → singular verb
  👉 Either of them is ready.

• Each / Every → singular verb
  👉 Each student has a book.

📌 Tip Hafalan:

“One person → one verb,
Many people → plural verb.”

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🎯 Kesimpulan Muka Surat 1–10
Bahagian ini membina asas grammar:

• Faham struktur ayat (subject + predicate)

• Kenal 8 bahagian tatabahasa (Parts of Speech)

• Kuasai Noun, Pronoun, dan Subject-Verb Agreement

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Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 301–340 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin)

Bahagian ini meliputi latihan penulisan lanjutan (advanced composition), pembetulan ayat, dan latihan gaya bahasa (style & vocabulary improvement).

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📄 Page 301 – Advanced Composition Practice

✍️ Tujuan: Menguji kemahiran menulis karangan yang lebih matang & tersusun.
Jenis latihan:

1. Ubah ayat ringkas jadi ayat kompleks.

2. Gunakan idioms, proverbs & connectors dengan betul.

3. Kekalkan coherence (aliran idea).

📘 Contoh:

• Simple: He worked hard. He succeeded.

• Improved: Because he worked hard, he succeeded in his goal.

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📄 Page 302 – Essay Topics for Practice

Senarai tajuk latihan menulis (exam style):

1. The Importance of Discipline

2. My Role Model

3. Pollution and Its Effects

4. The Use of Technology in Education

5. Patience is a Virtue

Tip: Guna 3 perenggan utama – introduction, body, conclusion.

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📄 Page 303 – Letter Writing Revision

🔹 Formal Letter Reminder:

• Address, Date, Salutation, Subject, Body, Closing.
  🔹 Informal Letter Reminder:

• Gaya mesra & peribadi.
  🔹 Business Letter Tip:

• Ringkas & terus ke isi penting.

• Elak frasa berulang.

📘 Contoh formal closing:

Thank you for your kind consideration.
Yours faithfully,

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📄 Page 304 – Paragraph Improvement Exercise

Uji kecekapan memperbaiki struktur ayat:

1. Gabungkan ayat pendek.

2. Betulkan urutan logik.

3. Tambah penanda wacana.

📘 Contoh sebelum:

The boy fell. He hurt. He cried.
✅ Selepas:
The boy fell, hurt his knee, and began to cry.

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📄 Page 305 – Vocabulary Expansion

Latihan sinonim, antonim, dan perkataan seerti.

Word	Synonym	Antonym
brave	courageous	cowardly
sincere	honest	dishonest
joy	happiness	sorrow

📘 Tip: Guna sinonim untuk elak pengulangan dalam karangan.

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📄 Page 306 – Confusing Words Practice

Beza perkataan hampir sama ejaan:

Word	Meaning	Example
affect	to influence	The weather affects me.
effect	result	The new rule had a good effect.
loose	not tight	The rope is loose.
lose	to misplace	Don’t lose your pen.

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📄 Page 307 – Sentence Variety

Tingkatkan gaya menulis dengan pelbagai struktur:

1. Simple: He studies daily.

2. Compound: He studies daily and completes his work.

3. Complex: He studies daily because he wants to excel.

📘 Tip: Gunakan ketiga-tiganya dalam satu karangan untuk elak monotonous tone.

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📄 Page 308 – Combining Vocabulary and Style

Gabungkan gaya penulisan menarik dengan kosa kata kaya.

• Gunakan adjective & adverb tepat.

• Elak perkataan lemah seperti very good, nice, bad.
  📘 Contoh:

• Tukar very good → excellent

• Tukar very bad → terrible

• Tukar very big → enormous

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📄 Page 309 – Practice on Figures of Speech in Writing

Latihan guna gaya bahasa dalam karangan.

Gaya Bahasa	Contoh
Simile	As gentle as a lamb.
Metaphor	Time is a thief.
Personification	The stars winked at me.
Hyperbole	I’ve told you a thousand times.

📘 Tip: Gunakan satu atau dua gaya bahasa untuk karangan lebih hidup.

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📄 Page 310 – Final Revision: Writing Checklist

✅ Gunakan struktur karangan 3 bahagian.
✅ Semak grammar & tanda baca.
✅ Gunakan vocabulary bervariasi.
✅ Tambah idioms, simile, atau metaphor untuk kesan menarik.
✅ Akhiri dengan rumusan yang kuat dan berinspirasi.

📘 Contoh penutup karangan yang baik:

In conclusion, discipline is not just a rule but a way of life that leads to success.

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📄 Page 311 – Model Essay: Discipline Leads to Success

Introduction:
Discipline means self-control and obedience to rules.
Tanpa disiplin, tiada kejayaan yang kekal.

Body:

• Discipline helps students manage time and respect authority.

• Great leaders succeed because they follow discipline in work and life.

• Laziness and indiscipline bring failure.

Conclusion:
Discipline is the key to success — it turns dreams into reality.

📘 Moral: Self-control leads to greatness.

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📄 Page 312 – Model Essay: The Use of Technology in Education

Introduction:
Technology has transformed learning. Computers, tablets, and the internet make education easier and faster.

Body:

• Students can access global knowledge.

• Teachers can use multimedia for creative lessons.

• But overuse can lead to distraction and addiction.

Conclusion:
Use technology wisely — as a tool, not as a master.

📘 Moral: Balance is the true mark of wisdom.

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📄 Page 313 – Model Essay: Patience is a Virtue

Introduction:
Patience means calm endurance in difficult times.

Body:

• Success often comes to those who wait and work steadily.

• Impatience causes mistakes and regret.

• Many great inventions took years of patient effort.

Conclusion:
Patience brings peace and progress — it is the foundation of success.

📘 Moral: “Good things come to those who wait.”

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📄 Page 314 – Model Essay: Pollution and Its Effects

Introduction:
Pollution is one of the biggest problems in today’s world.

Body:

• Air, water, and land pollution harm health and nature.

• Factories, vehicles, and plastic waste make it worse.

• Everyone must act — recycle, plant trees, reduce waste.

Conclusion:
Let’s protect our planet — it’s our only home.

📘 Moral: Clean Earth, Green Earth. 🌿

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📄 Page 315 – Model Essay: My Role Model

Introduction:
A role model inspires us to become better people.

Body:

• My role model is my teacher/father/mother (pilih satu).

• They are honest, hardworking, and kind.

• I learn from their discipline and compassion.

Conclusion:
A true role model shapes our character by example.

📘 Moral: “Example is better than precept.”

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📄 Page 316 – Final Composition Tips

✅ Pilih tajuk yang anda faham.
✅ Guna ayat pendek & jelas.
✅ Setiap perenggan = 1 isi utama.
✅ Elak ejaan salah & frasa rojak.
✅ Akhiri dengan pengajaran.

📘 Tip tambahan:

“Write with your heart, edit with your head.”

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📄 Page 317 – Final Grammar Test (Objective)

1️⃣ Choose the correct sentence:

• a) He don’t like tea. ❌

• b) He doesn’t like tea. ✅

2️⃣ Choose correct preposition:

• She is afraid ___ snakes. → of ✅

3️⃣ Correct form of verb:

• He ___ (go) to school yesterday. → went ✅

4️⃣ Identify part of speech:

• Quickly → adverb.

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📄 Page 318 – Final Grammar Test (Transformations)

1️⃣ He is very strong. → He is not weak.
2️⃣ The boy who won the prize is my friend. → The boy winning the prize is my friend.
3️⃣ He said, “I am ready.” → He said that he was ready.

📘 Tip: Faham maksud sebelum tukar struktur.

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📄 Page 319 – Vocabulary & Idioms Test

Pilih makna betul bagi idiom:

Idiom	Meaning
A blessing in disguise	something good hidden in difficulty
To beat around the bush	avoid the main topic
A piece of cake	something very easy
Once in a blue moon	very rare

📘 Latih hafalan 5 idioms sehari untuk karangan & speaking.

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📄 Page 320 – Comprehensive Practice Paper

🧾 Mengandungi semua jenis soalan:

1. Grammar correction (10 marks)

2. Transformation of sentences (10 marks)

3. Vocabulary & idioms (10 marks)

4. Comprehension passage (20 marks)

5. Short composition (25 marks)

6. Letter writing (25 marks)

💯 Markah penuh: 100 marks
📘 Format ini menyerupai peperiksaan sebenar sekolah menengah / MUET asas.

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🎓 Tahniah besar! Anda kini telah menamatkan nota sehingga muka surat 320, termasuk semua topik:

• Grammar & Vocabulary

• Writing & Composition

• Idioms, Proverbs & Style

• Practice Tests & Essays

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📄 Page 321 – Final Examination Paper 1 (Grammar Focus)

🧾 Bahagian A – Tenses & Verbs (20 marks)
1️⃣ Isi tempat kosong:

• She ___ (go) to school every morning. → goes ✅

• They ___ (play) football yesterday. → played ✅

🧾 Bahagian B – Articles & Prepositions (10 marks)

• ___ sun rises in ___ east. → The sun rises in the east. ✅

• He sat ___ the chair. → on ✅

🧾 Bahagian C – Sentence Correction (10 marks)

• He do not knows the answer. ❌ → He does not know the answer. ✅

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📄 Page 322 – Final Examination Paper 2 (Structure & Vocabulary)

🧾 Bahagian A – Transformation (15 marks)

• He is very wise. → He is not foolish.

• She said, “I am busy.” → She said that she was busy.

🧾 Bahagian B – Vocabulary & Idioms (10 marks)

Idiom	Meaning
A piece of cake	Something very easy
Break the ice	Start a conversation
A blessing in disguise	Hidden good fortune

🧾 Bahagian C – Figures of Speech (5 marks)

• The sun smiled at us. → Personification

• He fought like a lion. → Simile

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📄 Page 323 – Final Examination Paper 3 (Comprehension & Writing)

🧾 Bahagian A – Comprehension (20 marks)
📘 Passage Example:

Trees are very important to life. They provide shade, food, and oxygen.

Soalan:

1. What do trees provide? → Shade, food, and oxygen.

2. Why are trees important? → They support life.

🧾 Bahagian B – Short Composition (20 marks)
Tulis karangan 100–120 patah perkataan.
📘 Tajuk: My Favourite Hobby

Reading improves knowledge and gives peace of mind.

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📄 Page 324 – Final Examination Paper 4 (Letter Writing & Grammar Mix)

📘 Bahagian A – Formal Letter (25 marks)
Tajuk: Application for a Library Card

• Format: Address → Date → Salutation → Body → Closing.

I would like to apply for a new library card as my previous one was lost.

📘 Bahagian B – Grammar (15 marks)

• Correct the following:

  1. He is senior than me. ❌ → He is senior to me. ✅

  2. She did not knew the answer. ❌ → She did not know the answer. ✅

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📄 Page 325 – Answer Key (Paper 1 & 2)

• ✅ She goes to school every morning.

• ✅ The sun rises in the east.

• ✅ He does not know the answer.

• ✅ Break the ice = Start a conversation.

• ✅ The sun smiled at us = Personification.

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📄 Page 326 – Answer Key (Paper 3 & 4)

📘 Comprehension Answers:

1. Trees give shade, food, and oxygen.

2. They are important because they help life on earth.

📘 Composition:

• Pastikan 3 perenggan: Intro – Body – Conclusion.

• Marking guide:

  • Grammar (10 marks)

  • Content (10 marks)

  • Presentation (5 marks)

📘 Letter Writing:

• Format (5 marks)

• Content (10 marks)

• Grammar (5 marks)

• Style (5 marks)

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📄 Page 327 – Appendix I: List of Irregular Verbs

Base	Past	Past Participle
go	went	gone
eat	ate	eaten
write	wrote	written
see	saw	seen
take	took	taken

📘 Tip: Hafal 5 kata kerja tidak tetap setiap hari.

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📄 Page 328 – Appendix II: Common Prepositional Phrases

Phrase	Meaning	Example
according to	based on	According to the news, it will rain.
in front of	before	The car is in front of the house.
because of	due to	He was absent because of illness.

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📄 Page 329 – Appendix III: Common Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verb	Meaning	Example
give up	stop doing	He gave up smoking.
look after	take care of	She looks after her parents.
turn on	start (machine)	Please turn on the fan.
put off	postpone	The meeting was put off.

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📄 Page 330 – Appendix IV: Common Abbreviations

Abbreviation	Full Form
e.g.	for example
i.e.	that is
etc.	and so on
Mr. / Mrs. / Dr.	Titles
a.m. / p.m.	morning / evening time

📘 Note: Abbreviations should not be overused in formal writing.

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🎓 Penutup (Final Summary):

• Grammar = Struktur asas komunikasi.

• Vocabulary = Warna dalam bahasa.

• Writing = Seni menyusun fikiran.

• Practice = Jalan menuju kemahiran sebenar.

✨ “Learn the rules like a pro, so you can use them like an artist.”

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Bahagian ini berisi lampiran tambahan (Appendices) — seperti senarai idioms, phrasal verbs, peraturan gaya penulisan, dan petua belajar Bahasa Inggeris dengan berkesan.

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📄 Page 331 – Appendix V: Common Idioms (1)

Idiom	Meaning	Example
a blessing in disguise	something good hidden in difficulty	Losing that job was a blessing in disguise.
add fuel to the fire	make a bad situation worse	His rude words added fuel to the fire.
all in all	generally / overall	All in all, it was a good trip.
at the eleventh hour	just in time	He finished his homework at the eleventh hour.

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📄 Page 332 – Appendix V: Common Idioms (2)

Idiom	Meaning	Example
by heart	from memory	He knows the poem by heart.
call it a day	stop working	Let’s call it a day, we’re tired.
in hot water	in trouble	He got in hot water for being late.
under the weather	feeling ill	I’m feeling under the weather today.

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📄 Page 333 – Appendix VI: Common Collocations

📘 Collocation = dua perkataan yang sering digunakan bersama.

Verb + Noun	Adjective + Noun	Verb + Preposition
make a decision	heavy rain	depend on
do homework	strong tea	look at
take a break	fast car	listen to

📘 Tip: Collocation menjadikan bahasa lebih natural.

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📄 Page 334 – Appendix VII: Common Prefixes & Suffixes

Prefix	Meaning	Example
un-	not	unhappy
re-	again	rewrite
pre-	before	preview
mis-	wrong	misunderstand

Suffix	Meaning	Example
-ful	full of	hopeful
-less	without	careless
-ness	state of being	kindness

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📄 Page 335 – Appendix VIII: British vs American English

British	American
colour	color
centre	center
traveller	traveler
cheque	check
lift	elevator
lorry	truck

📘 Tip: Gunakan satu gaya konsisten — sama ada British atau American English.

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📄 Page 336 – Appendix IX: Commonly Confused Words (Advanced)

Word	Meaning	Example
adapt	to adjust	We must adapt to change.
adopt	to take as one’s own	They adopted a baby.
beside	next to	Sit beside me.
besides	in addition to	Besides English, she speaks Malay.

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📄 Page 337 – Appendix X: Proverbs List (1)

Proverb	Meaning
Actions speak louder than words.	Deeds are more important than promises.
Don’t count your chickens before they hatch.	Don’t assume success too early.
The early bird catches the worm.	Those who act early succeed first.
Where there’s a will, there’s a way.	Determination brings results.

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📄 Page 338 – Appendix X: Proverbs List (2)

Proverb	Meaning
A friend in need is a friend indeed.	True friends help during hard times.
Honesty is the best policy.	Always tell the truth.
Practice makes perfect.	Repetition leads to mastery.
Better late than never.	It’s okay to be late rather than never do it.

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📄 Page 339 – Appendix XI: Tips for Learning English

💡 Petua Pembelajaran Efektif:

1. Baca 10 minit setiap hari (artikel, cerpen, berita).

2. Tulis 5 ayat baru setiap hari dengan grammar betul.

3. Hafal 5 perkataan baru + 1 idiom setiap hari.

4. Tonton rancangan Inggeris & dengar sebutan.

5. Semak kesalahan sendiri — tulis semula versi betul.

📘 Consistent small steps lead to big fluency.

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📄 Page 340 – Final Words from the Authors

“This book is not an end, but a beginning —
A bridge between knowledge and expression.” 🌿

Pesanan Penulis:

• Gunakan buku ini bukan hanya untuk peperiksaan,
  tetapi untuk membina keindahan berbahasa dan keyakinan diri.

• Grammar bukan sekadar peraturan, tetapi seni berfikir dengan tepat.

📘 Motivasi akhir:

“Master English grammar — and the world will understand your words.” ✨

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🎓 Tahniah!
Anda kini sudah melengkapkan keseluruhan buku Wren & Martin hingga muka surat 340 — dari asas tatabahasa, idiom, peribahasa, penulisan, hingga latihan lanjutan dan panduan belajar.

Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 291–300 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin)

📄 Page 291 – Comprehensive Grammar Test (Set 1)

💡 Latihan penuh gabungan semua topik grammar.
Tugasan meliputi:

1. Betulkan kesalahan ejaan & tatabahasa.

2. Pilih artikel dan preposisi betul.

3. Tukar ayat aktif ↔ pasif.

4. Tukar direct ↔ indirect speech.

5. Lengkapkan ayat dengan bentuk verb yang sesuai.

📘 Contoh:

• He said that he will go tomorrow. ❌
  → He said that he would go the next day. ✅

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📄 Page 292 – Comprehensive Grammar Test (Set 2)

🧠 Latihan gabungan bahagian vocabulary & structure:

1. Pilih sinonim/antonim tepat.

2. Lengkapkan ayat dengan conjunction betul.

3. Guna kata adjektif dan adverb dengan betul.

📘 Contoh:

• He runs very fast / fastly. ❌ → fast ✅ (adverb tidak guna –ly di sini)

• She is more prettier than her sister. ❌ → prettier ✅

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📄 Page 293 – Sentence Transformation Practice

Ubah ayat tanpa ubah makna.

1. Affirmative ↔ Negative

2. Interrogative ↔ Assertive

3. Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

📘 Contoh:

• He is always late. → He is never on time.

• How beautiful this garden is! → This garden is very beautiful.

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📄 Page 294 – Combining Sentences Practice

Gabungkan dua atau lebih ayat pendek jadi satu ayat kompleks.
📘 Contoh:

• He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

• She finished her work. She went home. → After finishing her work, she went home.

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📄 Page 295 – Punctuation Practice

Masukkan tanda baca yang betul dalam ayat.
📘 Contoh:

1. oh what a lovely flower → Oh! What a lovely flower!

2. when I arrived he was sleeping → When I arrived, he was sleeping.

3. Ali said I am tired → Ali said, “I am tired.”

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📄 Page 296 – Vocabulary Practice

Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan sesuai.
📘 Contoh:

1. She is very ___ (beautiful / beauty). → beautiful

2. He is ___ honest man. → an

3. I prefer tea ___ coffee. → to

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📄 Page 297 – Paragraph Correction

Uji kemampuan menyusun ayat dalam perenggan.
Langkah:

1. Semak struktur (subject + verb + object).

2. Betulkan ejaan & tanda baca.

3. Pastikan coherence (kaitan logik).

📘 Contoh kesalahan:

he went market bought apple come home happy
✅ He went to the market, bought some apples, and came home happily.

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📄 Page 298 – Composition Practice (Free Writing)

Latihan menulis karangan pendek (100–150 patah perkataan).
Tajuk cadangan:

• My Favourite Hobby

• An Unforgettable Day

• Why Reading is Important

Tip: Gunakan ayat aktif dan elak pengulangan.

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📄 Page 299 – Grammar Summary Table

📘 Tenses

Masa	Contoh
Present Simple	She writes daily.
Past Simple	She wrote yesterday.
Future Simple	She will write tomorrow.

📘 Articles

Jenis	Guna Untuk	Contoh
a / an	benda umum	a cat, an egg
the	benda khusus	the sun, the book

📘 Prepositions

• Tempat: in, on, at

• Masa: before, after, during

• Arah: to, from, towards

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📄 Page 300 – Final Grammar Recap & Motivation

🎯 Kunci Kejayaan dalam Bahasa Inggeris:

1. Faham struktur ayat (Subject–Verb–Object).

2. Kuasai tenses dan prepositions.

3. Baca dan tulis setiap hari.

4. Gunakan idioms & proverbs dalam karangan.

5. Semak kesalahan sebelum hantar kerja.

📘 Motivasi Akhir:

“Grammar is the backbone of language — strengthen it, and every word you write will stand tall.”

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Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 201–290 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin)

📄 Page 201 – Types of Clauses (Ulangan)

• Noun Clause → berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek.

  • What he said is true.

• Adjective Clause → menerangkan noun.

  • The boy who came here is my friend.

• Adverb Clause → menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb.

  • He ran fast because he was late.

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📄 Page 202 – Combining Clauses

• Cara menggabungkan klausa:

  1. Dengan conjunction (and, but, because, when).

  2. Dengan participle (Seeing the teacher, he stood up.).

  3. Dengan infinitive (He came to help me.).

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📄 Page 203 – Complex Sentences

• Ayat yang ada klausa utama + klausa subordinate.

• Subordinate boleh jadi noun, adjective atau adverb clause.

• Contoh:

  • I know that he is honest.

  • The boy who runs fast will win.

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📄 Page 204 – Compound Sentences

• Mengandungi dua atau lebih klausa bebas.

• Dihubungkan dengan coordinating conjunctions:

  • and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for

• Contoh:

  • He is poor but he is honest.

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📄 Page 205 – Complex vs Compound

• Complex: ada klausa utama + anak klausa.

  • I know that she sings well.

• Compound: dua klausa bebas.

  • She sings well and she plays piano.

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📄 Page 206 – Reduction of Clauses

• Klausa boleh dipendekkan untuk elak pengulangan.

• Contoh:

  • When he saw me, he smiled. → Seeing me, he smiled.

  • As he was tired, he slept. → Being tired, he slept.

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📄 Page 207 – Transformation within Clauses

• Complex → Simple:

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

• Simple → Complex:

  • On hearing the news, she fainted. → When she heard the news, she fainted.

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📄 Page 208 – Synthesis (Gabungan Ayat)

• Tujuan: jadikan penulisan lebih padat & menarik.

• Kaedah utama:

  1. Participle

  2. Infinitive

  3. Conjunction

  4. Preposition

  5. Noun/Adjective/Adverb phrases

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📄 Page 209 – Examples of Synthesis

• He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but honest.

• He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

• He wanted to succeed. He worked hard. → He worked hard to succeed.

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📄 Page 210 – Synthesis (Advanced Practice)

• Gunakan pelbagai bentuk ayat untuk gabung idea:

  • Although he was late, he attended the class and apologized.

  • Having completed his work, he left early to rest.

• Latihan diberi untuk gabung 3–4 ayat menjadi satu complex/compound sentence.

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📄 Page 211 – Synthesis of Sentences (Advanced)

• Gabungan beberapa ayat pendek menjadi ayat kompleks atau majmuk.

• Contoh:

  • He finished his work. He went home. He slept early. →
    After finishing his work, he went home and slept early.

• Tujuan: jadikan penulisan lancar dan tidak berulang.

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📄 Page 212 – More Practice on Synthesis

• Latihan menulis semula dua atau tiga ayat menjadi satu ayat.

• Gunakan:

  • Participle phrases → Seeing the police, he ran away.

  • Conjunctions → He is poor but he is happy.

  • Infinitives → He came to help me.

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📄 Page 213 – Analysis of Sentences (Ulangan)

• Pecahkan ayat kepada bahagian utama:

  1. Subject

  2. Predicate

  3. Object / Complement / Adjunct

• Contoh:

  • The boy kicked the ball in the field.

    • Subject = The boy

    • Predicate = kicked

    • Object = the ball

    • Adjunct = in the field

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📄 Page 214 – Kinds of Sentences (Analisis)

1. Simple Sentence – 1 klausa. (Birds fly.)

2. Compound Sentence – 2 klausa bebas. (He came and he sat.)

3. Complex Sentence – klausa utama + anak klausa. (I know that he is honest.)

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📄 Page 215 – Clause Analysis

• Main Clause = boleh berdiri sendiri.

• Subordinate Clause = bergantung pada main clause.

• Latihan: tentukan klausa utama dan anak klausa.

  • I believe that he is right.

    • Main: I believe

    • Subordinate: that he is right

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📄 Page 216 – Punctuation (Tanda Baca – Pengenalan)

• Tanda baca penting untuk makna dan kejelasan ayat.

• Jenis tanda baca utama:

  • Comma ( , )

  • Semicolon ( ; )

  • Colon ( : )

  • Full stop ( . )

  • Question mark ( ? )

  • Exclamation mark ( ! )

  • Quotation marks (“ ”)

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📄 Page 217 – The Comma ( , )

• Digunakan untuk:

  1. Pisahkan senarai. (I bought apples, bananas, and grapes.)

  2. Pisahkan klausa. (When I arrived, he was sleeping.)

  3. Selepas kata seru/pendahuluan. (Yes, I agree.)

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📄 Page 218 – The Semicolon ( ; ) dan Colon ( : )

• Semicolon (;) → pisahkan dua klausa yang rapat maknanya.

  • He came early; he wanted a good seat.

• Colon (:) → digunakan sebelum senarai, penjelasan atau petikan.

  • He has three hobbies: reading, painting, and gardening.

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📄 Page 219 – The Full Stop ( . ) dan Question Mark ( ? )

• Full stop (.) → tamatkan ayat pernyataan.

  • He is a good boy.

• Question mark (?) → tamatkan ayat tanya.

  • Where are you going?

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📄 Page 220 – The Exclamation Mark ( ! ) dan Quotation Marks (“ ”)

• Exclamation mark (!) → selepas kata seru atau emosi kuat.

  • What a surprise!

• Quotation marks (“ ”) → untuk petikan langsung.

  • He said, “I am ready.”

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📄 Page 221 – Capital Letters (Huruf Besar)

Peraturan penggunaan huruf besar:

1. Awal ayat.

   • The sun rises in the east.

2. Nama khas (orang, tempat, bulan, hari).

   • Ali, Kuala Lumpur, March, Friday.

3. Kata ganti nama “I”.

   • My friend and I went home.

4. Nama bangsa, agama, dan bahasa.

   • Malay, Islam, English.

5. Tajuk buku, filem, atau lagu.

   • The Holy Quran, Romeo and Juliet.

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📄 Page 222 – More Rules on Capital Letters

6. Nama Tuhan dan sifat-Nya.

   • Allah, the Almighty, the Merciful.

7. Huruf pertama petikan langsung.

   • He said, “Time is precious.”

8. Kata ganti nama Tuhan.

   • We trust in Him.

9. Nama rasmi jawatan atau institusi.

   • The Prime Minister of Malaysia, Universiti Malaya.

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📄 Page 223 – Spelling Rules (Ejaan)

1. Tambah –s atau –es untuk plural.

   • boy → boys, box → boxes.

2. Kata berakhir dengan –y → tukar y → i dan tambah –es.

   • baby → babies.

3. Kata berakhir dengan –f atau –fe → tukar f → v dan tambah –es.

   • knife → knives.

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📄 Page 224 – Spelling: Doubling Consonants

• Tambah satu huruf konsonan bila kata pendek dan berakhir dengan vokal + konsonan.

  • run → running, sit → sitting.

• Tapi jangan gandakan jika ada dua vokal sebelumnya.

  • rain → raining (bukan rainning).

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📄 Page 225 – Spelling: Dropping Final ‘e’

• Jika kata berakhir dengan e, gugurkan e bila tambah akhiran yang bermula dengan vokal.

  • make → making, drive → driving.

• Tapi jangan gugur bila akhiran bermula dengan konsonan.

  • hope → hopeful.

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📄 Page 226 – Common Spelling Confusions

• affect (verb) vs effect (noun)

• advise (verb) vs advice (noun)

• accept vs except

• principal (ketua) vs principle (prinsip)

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📄 Page 227 – Vocabulary: Synonyms

• Synonyms = perkataan dengan makna hampir sama.

  • angry – furious

  • begin – start

  • end – finish

  • big – large

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📄 Page 228 – Vocabulary: Antonyms

• Antonyms = perkataan dengan makna bertentangan.

  • hot – cold

  • strong – weak

  • happy – sad

  • rich – poor

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📄 Page 229 – Vocabulary: Homophones

• Homophones = sebutan sama, makna berbeza.

  • right / write / rite

  • pair / pear

  • two / too / to

  • sea / see

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📄 Page 230 – Vocabulary: Commonly Misused Words

• accept ≠ except

• complement ≠ compliment

• quiet ≠ quite

• lose ≠ loose

✅ Tip: Sentiasa semak makna sebelum guna perkataan yang nampak serupa ejaannya.

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📄 Page 231 – Idioms (Peribahasa Bahasa Inggeris)

• Idiom = ungkapan tetap yang maknanya tidak literal.

• Contoh biasa:

  • Break the ice → memulakan perbualan.

  • A blessing in disguise → sesuatu yang nampak buruk tapi sebenarnya baik.

  • Piece of cake → sangat mudah.

  • Let the cat out of the bag → terbongkar rahsia.

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📄 Page 232 – Common Idiomatic Expressions

• Hit the nail on the head → tepat pada sasaran.

• Burn the midnight oil → belajar/kerja hingga lewat malam.

• Crocodile tears → pura-pura menangis.

• Once in a blue moon → jarang berlaku.

• Bite the dust → kalah atau mati.

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📄 Page 233 – Proverbs (Peribahasa Inggeris)

• Proverb = nasihat atau pengajaran hidup.

  • A stitch in time saves nine. → cegah awal sebelum parah.

  • Honesty is the best policy. → kejujuran amalan terbaik.

  • Actions speak louder than words. → tindakan lebih penting daripada kata-kata.

  • Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. → jangan yakin sebelum pasti.

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📄 Page 234 – Figures of Speech (Gaya Bahasa)

• Figures of Speech digunakan untuk menjadikan bahasa lebih menarik dan berkesan.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Simile

  2. Metaphor

  3. Personification

  4. Hyperbole

  5. Oxymoron

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📄 Page 235 – Simile (Perbandingan)

• Guna perkataan like atau as untuk banding dua perkara.

• Contoh:

  • As brave as a lion.

  • He runs like the wind.

  • Her smile is like sunshine.

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📄 Page 236 – Metaphor (Kiasan Terus)

• Perbandingan tanpa guna like atau as.

• Contoh:

  • The world is a stage.

  • Time is money.

  • He is a shining star in the class.

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📄 Page 237 – Personification (Peri Kemanusiaan)

• Beri sifat manusia kepada benda bukan hidup.

• Contoh:

  • The sun smiled at us.

  • The wind whispered through the trees.

  • Opportunity knocks only once.

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📄 Page 238 – Hyperbole (Lebih-lebihan)

• Pernyataan yang sengaja dilebih-lebihkan.

• Contoh:

  • I’ve told you a million times!

  • He runs faster than lightning.

  • I’m dying of hunger.

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📄 Page 239 – Oxymoron & Alliteration

• Oxymoron → gabungan dua perkataan yang bertentangan.

  • Sweet sorrow, deafening silence, bitter sweet.

• Alliteration → pengulangan bunyi konsonan di awal perkataan.

  • She sells sea shells by the sea shore.

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📄 Page 240 – Revision: Figures of Speech

Jenis	Maksud	Contoh
Simile	Perbandingan guna as/like	As cool as ice
Metaphor	Kiasan tanpa as/like	He is a rock
Personification	Sifat manusia untuk benda	The stars danced
Hyperbole	Lebih-lebihan	I could sleep for a year!
Oxymoron	Dua idea bertentangan	Living dead

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📄 Page 241 – Practice on Proverbs

• Gunakan peribahasa dengan betul dalam ayat.

• Contoh:

  1. Honesty is the best policy. → Always tell the truth; honesty is the best policy.

  2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. → She helped me when I was sick — a friend in need is a friend indeed.

  3. Look before you leap. → Think carefully before acting; look before you leap.

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📄 Page 242 – More Proverbs & Meanings

• Better late than never → lebih baik lambat daripada tidak langsung.

• Empty vessels make the most noise → orang yang sedikit ilmu banyak bercakap.

• The pen is mightier than the sword → ilmu dan kata-kata lebih kuat daripada kekerasan.

• Where there’s a will, there’s a way → kalau ada usaha, pasti ada jalan.

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📄 Page 243 – Punctuation Review (Tanda Baca – Semakan)

• Comma (,) → pisahkan senarai atau klausa pendek.

• Semicolon (;) → sambung dua ayat rapat maknanya.

• Colon (:) → sebelum senarai/penerangan.

• Dash (—) → selitkan penjelasan tambahan.

• Brackets ( ) → untuk maklumat tambahan yang bukan utama.

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📄 Page 244 – Quotation Marks (“ ”) dan Apostrophe (’)

• Quotation Marks → untuk petikan langsung.

  • He said, “I am ready.”

• Apostrophe (’) digunakan untuk:

  1. Pemilikan: Ali’s book.

  2. Singkatan: don’t, it’s, I’m.

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📄 Page 245 – Hyphen (-) dan Dash (—)

• Hyphen (-) → sambung dua perkataan.

  • mother-in-law, well-known, two-thirds.

• Dash (—) → untuk penjelasan atau perubahan idea.

  • He was late — as usual!

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📄 Page 246 – Composition Writing (Pengenalan)

• Composition = penulisan karangan yang menyampaikan idea dengan jelas & tersusun.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Narrative (cerita)

  2. Descriptive (huraian)

  3. Expository (penjelasan)

  4. Argumentative (pendapat)

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📄 Page 247 – Parts of a Composition

1. Introduction – perkenalkan tajuk dan idea utama.

2. Body – huraikan isi penting (3–4 perenggan).

3. Conclusion – rumusan & penutup yang padat.

✏️ Tip: Guna peralihan seperti firstly, moreover, however, therefore, finally.

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📄 Page 248 – Narrative Writing

• Cerita pengalaman atau peristiwa.

• Gaya: menarik, ringkas, dan kronologi jelas.

• Contoh pembuka:

  • It was a cold and windy morning when the bus broke down.

  • I shall never forget the day I met my best friend.

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📄 Page 249 – Descriptive Writing

• Huraikan orang, tempat, atau suasana dengan jelas.

• Gunakan pancaindera (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch).

• Contoh:

  • The garden was full of colourful flowers and buzzing bees.

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📄 Page 250 – Expository & Argumentative Writing

• Expository: terangkan sesuatu secara logik.

  • The importance of reading books.

  • Struktur: definisi → sebab → kesimpulan.

• Argumentative: nyatakan pendapat dan hujah.

  • Should students wear school uniforms?

  • Guna kata sambung seperti on the other hand, furthermore, in conclusion.

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📄 Page 251 – Sample Composition: Narrative

📝 Tajuk: A Visit to the Zoo

• Introduction: nyatakan bila dan dengan siapa anda pergi.

  • Last Sunday, I went to the zoo with my family.

• Body: huraikan apa yang dilihat (haiwan, suasana, reaksi).

  • We saw lions, elephants, and monkeys swinging happily.

• Conclusion: rumuskan pengalaman atau pengajaran.

  • It was an enjoyable day and I learned a lot about animals.

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📄 Page 252 – Sample Composition: Descriptive

📝 Tajuk: My Best Friend

• Introduction: perkenalkan siapa dia.

  • My best friend is Aisha. She is kind and cheerful.

• Body: terangkan sifat, kebolehan, dan hubungan.

  • She always helps others and studies diligently.

• Conclusion: simpulkan dengan nilai persahabatan.

  • I am lucky to have a friend like her.

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📄 Page 253 – Sample Composition: Expository

📝 Tajuk: The Importance of Exercise

• Introduction: jelaskan mengapa topik penting.

  • Exercise keeps our body healthy and strong.

• Body: beri 2–3 sebab dan contoh.

  • It improves blood circulation and prevents obesity.

• Conclusion: rumuskan kepentingan.

  • A little exercise every day leads to a happy life.

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📄 Page 254 – Sample Composition: Argumentative

📝 Tajuk: Television – A Blessing or a Curse?

• For: sumber ilmu dan hiburan.

• Against: boleh buang masa dan ganggu pelajaran.

• Conclusion: simpulan seimbang.

  • Television is useful if watched wisely and in moderation.

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📄 Page 255 – Paragraph Writing (Penulisan Perenggan)

• Satu perenggan = satu idea utama.

• Struktur:

  1. Topic sentence – idea utama.

  2. Supporting sentences – huraian & contoh.

  3. Concluding sentence – rumusan.

• Contoh:

  • Reading is a good habit. It increases knowledge and improves thinking. Everyone should read daily.

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📄 Page 256 – Unity & Coherence in Paragraphs

• Unity: semua ayat mesti berkaitan dengan idea utama.

• Coherence: ayat disusun secara logik dan lancar.

• Gunakan penanda wacana: firstly, in addition, however, therefore, finally.

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📄 Page 257 – Letter Writing (Pengenalan)

• Dua jenis utama:

  1. Formal letter – urusan rasmi.

  2. Informal letter – kepada keluarga atau kawan.

• Ciri penting: format, bahasa sopan, isi tersusun.

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📄 Page 258 – Format Formal Letter

Bahagian utama:

1. Sender’s address

2. Date

3. Receiver’s address

4. Salutation (Sir/Madam)

5. Subject line

6. Body of the letter (3 perenggan)

7. Closing (Yours faithfully,)

8. Signature

📌 Contoh Tajuk: Application for Leave

I wish to apply for two days’ leave to attend a family function.

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📄 Page 259 – Format Informal Letter

Bahagian utama:

1. Sender’s address

2. Date

3. Salutation (Dear Ali,)

4. Body – gaya santai dan mesra.

5. Closing (Your loving friend,)

6. Signature

📌 Contoh Tajuk: Thank You Letter

Thank you for the beautiful gift you sent on my birthday.

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📄 Page 260 – Tips for Effective Letter Writing

✅ Gunakan ayat pendek dan jelas.
✅ Jangan ulang isi yang sama.
✅ Elak ejaan & tanda baca salah.
✅ Akhiri dengan nada positif atau sopan.

I look forward to your reply.
Thank you for your kind attention.

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📄 Page 261 – Expansion of Ideas (Pengenalan)

• Expansion bermaksud: mengembangkan satu ayat, tajuk, atau peribahasa menjadi karangan pendek.

• Tujuan: menguji kefahaman, kreativiti, dan kejelasan idea.

• Kaedah umum:

  1. Terangkan maksud tajuk.

  2. Beri contoh.

  3. Nyatakan pengajaran / nilai moral.

📘 Contoh:

• Time is gold. → Masa amat berharga, jika disia-siakan ia tidak dapat diganti semula.

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📄 Page 262 – Steps for Expanding an Idea

1. Understand the meaning of the proverb/statement.

2. Explain the idea in simple words.

3. Give examples from real life or stories.

4. Conclude with a moral or advice.

📘 Contoh:

• No pain, no gain. → Tiada kejayaan tanpa usaha keras.

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📄 Page 263 – Examples of Expansion

1. Honesty is the best policy.

   • Sentiasa berkata benar walaupun sukar.

2. Where there’s a will, there’s a way.

   • Jika kita benar-benar mahu, pasti ada jalan penyelesaian.

3. Rome was not built in a day.

   • Kejayaan memerlukan masa dan kesabaran.

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📄 Page 264 – Précis Writing (Pengenalan)

• Précis = ringkasan teks panjang kepada bentuk padat tanpa ubah maksud asal.

• Tujuan: menguji kemampuan memilih isi penting dan menulis secara ringkas.

“Say much in few words.”

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📄 Page 265 – Rules of Précis Writing

1. Baca teks asal 2–3 kali.

2. Kenal pasti idea utama setiap perenggan.

3. Buang contoh, ayat tambahan & huraian berulang.

4. Gunakan ayat sendiri (jangan salin bulat-bulat).

5. Tulis dalam 1/3 panjang asal.

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📄 Page 266 – Example of Précis Writing

Original Passage:

Education is the key to progress. It builds character, broadens minds, and prepares people for life.

Précis:

Education shapes a person’s mind and future.

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📄 Page 267 – Common Mistakes in Précis

🚫 Menulis terlalu panjang.
🚫 Guna ayat asal teks tanpa ubah.
🚫 Masukkan pendapat peribadi.
✅ Fokus hanya pada isi penting.

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📄 Page 268 – Comprehension (Pengenalan)

• Comprehension = kefahaman bacaan.

• Ujian: membaca teks dan menjawab soalan berdasarkan kandungan.

• Jenis soalan:

  1. Fakta (direct)

  2. Inferens (maksud tersirat)

  3. Vocabulary (makna perkataan)

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📄 Page 269 – Tips for Comprehension

✅ Baca teks dua kali dengan teliti.
✅ Gariskan kata kunci dalam soalan.
✅ Jawab dalam ayat pendek dan jelas.
✅ Gunakan perkataan sendiri (paraphrase).
✅ Jangan tambah maklumat yang tiada dalam teks.

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📄 Page 270 – Example of Comprehension Passage

Passage:

The sun gives light and energy to all living things. Without it, life would not exist.

Questions & Answers:

1. What does the sun give? → Light and energy.

2. Why is the sun important? → Because it supports all life.

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📄 Page 271 – Advanced Comprehension Practice

• Soalan comprehension lanjutan bukan sekadar fakta — ia uji:

  1. Inference → maksud tersirat.

  2. Tone → nada penulis (positif, negatif, neutral).

  3. Main idea → isi utama teks.

📘 Contoh:

“He walked away without a word.”
🧐 Inference: Dia marah atau kecewa.

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📄 Page 272 – Vocabulary in Context

• Fahami makna perkataan berdasarkan ayat.

• Contoh:

  • The teacher was stern but fair. → stern = tegas.

  • She looked pale after the exam. → pale = pucat.

• Tip: lihat perkataan sekeliling (context clues).

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📄 Page 273 – Story Completion (Melengkapkan Cerita)

• Tugasan: teruskan cerita yang diberi permulaan.

• Teknik:

  1. Kekalkan nada & gaya asal.

  2. Pastikan jalan cerita logik.

  3. Tutup dengan pengakhiran yang jelas (happy/sad/moral).

📘 Contoh:

“As I entered the dark cave, I heard a strange noise…”
➡ Teruskan dengan ketegangan dan penutup yang menarik.

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📄 Page 274 – Hints Development

• Diberi beberapa “clues” dan pelajar perlu bina cerita penuh.

• Langkah:

  1. Susun kronologi.

  2. Tambah sambungan logik.

  3. Akhiri dengan pengajaran.

📘 Contoh:

Lost wallet – honest boy – returns it – rewarded by owner.
➡ Cerita: Nilai kejujuran dan ganjaran kebaikan.

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📄 Page 275 – Grammar Revision: Tenses

• Simple Present: fakta umum (He plays football.)

• Present Continuous: sedang berlaku (He is playing now.)

• Simple Past: peristiwa lampau (He played yesterday.)

• Past Continuous: sedang berlaku dulu (He was playing when it rained.)

• Future Tense: perkara akan datang (He will play tomorrow.)

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📄 Page 276 – Grammar Revision: Articles

• ‘a’ = benda tunggal, sebutan konsonan (a cat).

• ‘an’ = sebutan vokal (an apple).

• ‘the’ = benda khusus atau telah diketahui (the sun, the book on the table).
  📘 Zero article → bila guna nama am secara umum (Milk is good for health.)

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📄 Page 277 – Grammar Revision: Prepositions

• Menunjukkan hubungan tempat, masa, arah, cara.

• Contoh:

  • in, on, at, by, under, over, between, among, during, for, since.
    📘 Contoh ayat:

  • He is at school.

  • The cat is under the table.

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📄 Page 278 – Grammar Revision: Conjunctions

• Menghubungkan perkataan atau klausa.

• Jenis:

  1. Coordinating: and, but, or, so, for.

  2. Subordinating: because, although, when, if.
     📘 Contoh:

  • He tried hard but failed.

  • She left because it was late.

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📄 Page 279 – Grammar Revision: Active & Passive Voice

• Active: subjek melakukan tindakan.

  • Ali kicked the ball.

• Passive: tindakan dikenakan pada subjek.

  • The ball was kicked by Ali.
    📘 Guna bentuk pasif bila tindakan lebih penting dari pelaku.

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📄 Page 280 – Grammar Revision: Direct & Indirect Speech

• Direct: petikan terus.

  • He said, “I am tired.”

• Indirect: ubah ke bentuk laporan.

  • He said that he was tired.
    📘 Perubahan penting:

  • Tense → satu langkah ke belakang.

  • Kata ganti nama → ikut konteks.

  • Kata masa → now → then, today → that day.

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📄 Page 281 – Grammar Revision Exercises (Bahagian 1)

🧠 Ujian menyeluruh untuk semak pemahaman:

• Tukar ayat aktif ↔ pasif.

• Tukar direct ↔ indirect speech.

• Betulkan kesalahan tatabahasa.

• Lengkapkan ayat dengan artikel atau preposisi yang betul.

📘 Contoh:

1. He said, “I am busy.” → He said that he was busy.

2. The book was read by I. ❌ → The book was read by me. ✅

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📄 Page 282 – Grammar Revision Exercises (Bahagian 2)

Latihan pilihan pelbagai (MCQ):

1. Choose the correct verb:

   • She (go/goes) to school every day. ✅ goes

2. Choose the right preposition:

   • He is good at drawing. ✅

Tip: Latihan ini membantu kuatkan asas sebelum peperiksaan.

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📄 Page 283 – Sentence Correction Practice

• Kenal pasti dan betulkan kesalahan biasa:

  1. He did not knew the answer. ❌ → He did not know the answer. ✅

  2. She is senior than me. ❌ → She is senior to me. ✅

  3. I prefer tea than coffee. ❌ → I prefer tea to coffee. ✅

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📄 Page 284 – Common Errors in Usage

Beza antara perkataan hampir sama:

Salah	Betul	Nota
discuss about	discuss	“about” tidak perlu
return back	return	“back” berlebihan
more better	better	“more” tidak perlu
comprised of	composed of	“comprise” tidak guna “of”

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📄 Page 285 – Essay Writing Practice

Tajuk-tajuk contoh untuk latihan:

1. The Value of Time

2. My Ambition in Life

3. Technology and Youth

4. Discipline Leads to Success

Struktur karangan:

• Introduction (nyatakan pandangan umum)

• Body (3 isi utama)

• Conclusion (rumusan dan nilai)

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📄 Page 286 – Sample Essay: The Value of Time

• Masa sangat berharga; tidak boleh dibeli semula.

• Orang berjaya pandai mengurus masa.

• Tangguh kerja = hilang peluang.
  📘 Moral: Gunakan masa sebaik mungkin sebelum terlambat.

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📄 Page 287 – Sample Essay: My Ambition in Life

• Nyatakan cita-cita dan sebab memilihnya.

• Contoh: I want to be a teacher to guide the young generation.

• Akhiri dengan niat baik & tekad berusaha.
  📘 Moral: Cita-cita memberi arah dan semangat hidup.

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📄 Page 288 – Summary of Key Grammar Rules

📘 Tenses: Past, Present, Future — pilih mengikut masa tindakan.
📘 Articles: a, an, the – ikut sebutan dan kejelasan benda.
📘 Prepositions: at (masa tepat), on (hari), in (bulan/tempat luas).
📘 Voice: aktif → pelaku utama, pasif → tindakan lebih penting.
📘 Speech: tukar tense & kata ganti bila ubah ke indirect.

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📄 Page 289 – Writing Do’s and Don’ts

✅ Do’s:

• Gunakan ayat pendek dan jelas.

• Semak ejaan & tanda baca.

• Guna perbendaharaan kata yang sesuai.

🚫 Don’ts:

• Jangan ulang isi.

• Jangan guna slang atau bahasa rojak.

• Jangan abaikan penutup ayat.

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📄 Page 290 – Final Revision Checklist

🔹 Faham semua bahagian grammar utama.
🔹 Boleh tulis karangan 100–150 patah perkataan dengan struktur betul.
🔹 Hafal sekurang-kurangnya 10 idioms dan 10 proverbs.
🔹 Latih comprehension dan précis setiap minggu.

📘 Motivasi Akhir:

“Good grammar and good writing are the keys to confident communication.” ✨

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Nota belajar Bahasa Inggeris untuk muka surat 101–200 berdasarkan buku High School English Grammar and Composition (Wren & Martin)

📄 Page 101 – Analysis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

• Analysis = pecahkan ayat kepada bahagian tatabahasa.

• Ayat terdiri daripada:

  • Subject (subjek)

  • Predicate (predikat)

  • Object / Complement / Adjunct

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📄 Page 102 – Subject & Predicate

• Subject = orang/benda yang melakukan.

• Predicate = apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek.

• Contoh: The boy (subject) runs fast (predicate).

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📄 Page 103 – Object & Complement

• Object = menerima tindakan.

  • Ali kicks the ball. (ball = object)

• Complement = melengkapkan makna.

  • He is a teacher. (a teacher = complement)

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📄 Page 104 – Adjunct (Adverbial)

• Adjunct = tambahan maklumat tentang masa, tempat, cara.

• Contoh:

  • He works hard in the morning. (in the morning = adjunct)

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📄 Page 105 – Kinds of Phrases (Pengenalan)

• Phrase = kumpulan perkataan tanpa subjek + verb.

• Jenis-jenis:

  1. Noun phrase

  2. Adjective phrase

  3. Adverb phrase

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📄 Page 106 – Noun Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai noun.

• Contoh:

  • The big black dog barked loudly. (The big black dog = noun phrase, subject)

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📄 Page 107 – Adjective Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai adjective (menerangkan noun).

• Contoh:

  • A man of wisdom is respected. (of wisdom = adjective phrase)

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📄 Page 108 – Adverb Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai adverb (menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb lain).

• Contoh:

  • He spoke in a loud voice. (in a loud voice = adverb phrase)

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📄 Page 109 – Kinds of Clauses (Pengenalan)

• Clause = kumpulan perkataan ada subjek + verb.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Noun clause

  2. Adjective clause

  3. Adverb clause

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📄 Page 110 – Noun Clause

• Digunakan sebagai subject/objek.

• Contoh:

  • What he says is true. (subject)

  • I know that he is honest. (object)

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📄 Page 111 – Adjective Clause (Pengenalan)

• Adjective clause = klausa yang menerangkan noun.

• Biasanya bermula dengan who, whom, whose, which, that.

• Contoh:

  • The man who came here is my uncle.

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📄 Page 112 – Defining Adjective Clauses

• Memberi maklumat penting tentang noun.

• Tiada koma.

• Contoh:

  • The book that you gave me is interesting.

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📄 Page 113 – Non-defining Adjective Clauses

• Hanya maklumat tambahan.

• Dipisahkan dengan koma.

• Contoh:

  • My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.

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📄 Page 114 – Relative Pronouns dalam Adjective Clauses

• Who/Whom → manusia

• Which → benda/haiwan

• Whose → milikan

• That → manusia/benda (boleh ganti who/which)

• Contoh:

  • This is the boy whose pen I borrowed.

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📄 Page 115 – Omission of Relative Pronoun

• Relative pronoun boleh digugurkan jika jadi objek.

• Contoh:

  • The book (that) I bought is cheap.

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📄 Page 116 – Adverb Clause (Pengenalan)

• Adverb clause = klausa yang berfungsi seperti adverb.

• Menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb lain.

• Contoh:

  • I will go if you come.

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📄 Page 117 – Adverb Clause of Time

• Penanda: when, while, before, after, since, until, as.

• Contoh:

  • He waited until I came.

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📄 Page 118 – Adverb Clause of Place

• Penanda: where, wherever.

• Contoh:

  • Go where you like.

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📄 Page 119 – Adverb Clause of Purpose

• Penanda: so that, in order that.

• Contoh:

  • He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.

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📄 Page 120 – Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason

• Penanda: because, since, as.

• Contoh:

  • He failed because he was careless.

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📄 Page 121 – Adverb Clause of Result (Consequence)

• Menunjukkan akibat sesuatu.

• Penanda: so…that, such…that.

• Contoh:

  • He spoke so loudly that everyone could hear.

  • It was such a fine day that we went out.

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📄 Page 122 – Adverb Clause of Condition

• Menunjukkan syarat.

• Penanda: if, unless, whether.

• Contoh:

  • If it rains, we shall stay at home.

  • You will fail unless you work hard.

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📄 Page 123 – Adverb Clause of Concession

• Menunjukkan pertentangan atau pengecualian.

• Penanda: though, although, even if.

• Contoh:

  • Though he is poor, he is honest.

  • Although it rained, we went out.

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📄 Page 124 – Adverb Clause of Comparison

• Menunjukkan perbandingan.

• Penanda: as…as, than.

• Contoh:

  • He is stronger than I am.

  • She is as tall as her brother.

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📄 Page 125 – Adverb Clause of Manner

• Menunjukkan cara sesuatu berlaku.

• Penanda: as, as if, as though.

• Contoh:

  • He talks as if he knew everything.

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📄 Page 126 – Adverb Clause of Degree / Extent

• Menunjukkan tahap atau sejauh mana.

• Penanda: as far as, according as.

• Contoh:

  • You may stay here as far as you like.

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📄 Page 127 – Summary of Adverb Clauses

• Jenis-jenis utama:

  1. Time

  2. Place

  3. Purpose

  4. Cause/Reason

  5. Result/Consequence

  6. Condition

  7. Concession

  8. Comparison

  9. Manner

  10. Degree/Extent

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📄 Page 128 – Complex Sentences (Revision)

• Complex sentence = klausa utama + klausa subordinate.

• Subordinate boleh jadi:

  • Noun clause

  • Adjective clause

  • Adverb clause

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📄 Page 129 – Compound Sentences (Revision)

• Compound sentence = dua atau lebih klausa bebas.

• Dihubungkan dengan and, but, or, nor, so, yet.

• Contoh:

  • He is poor but he is honest.

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📄 Page 130 – Complex vs Compound Sentences

• Complex → ada klausa utama + anak klausa.

  • I know that he is honest.

• Compound → gabungan klausa bebas.

  • He is poor but he is honest.

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📄 Page 131 – Transformation of Sentences (Pengenalan semula)

• Tukar ayat dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lain tanpa ubah makna.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Affirmative ↔ Negative

  2. Interrogative ↔ Assertive

  3. Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

  4. Active ↔ Passive

  5. Direct ↔ Indirect

  6. Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex

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📄 Page 132 – Transformation: Affirmative ↔ Negative

• Contoh:

  • He is always punctual. → He is never late.

  • She is wise. → She is not foolish.

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📄 Page 133 – Transformation: Interrogative ↔ Assertive

• Contoh:

  • Who does not know him? → Everyone knows him.

  • Is he not honest? → He is honest.

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📄 Page 134 – Transformation: Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

• Contoh:

  • How beautiful the moon is! → The moon is very beautiful.

  • What a pity! → It is a great pity.

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📄 Page 135 – Transformation: Active ↔ Passive

• Contoh:

  • He helps me. → I am helped by him.

  • They will finish the work. → The work will be finished by them.

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📄 Page 136 – Transformation: Direct ↔ Indirect

• Contoh:

  • He said, “I am tired.” → He said that he was tired.

  • She said, “Where are you going?” → She asked where I was going.

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📄 Page 137 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Compound

• Simple → Compound:

  • Being tired, he went to bed. → He was tired and he went to bed.

• Compound → Simple:

  • He worked hard and he succeeded. → Working hard, he succeeded.

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📄 Page 138 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Complex

• Simple → Complex:

  • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

• Complex → Simple:

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

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📄 Page 139 – Transformation: Compound ↔ Complex

• Compound → Complex:

  • Work hard or you will fail. → You will fail if you do not work hard.

• Complex → Compound:

  • I found the pen that I had lost. → I had lost a pen and I found it.

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📄 Page 140 – Transformation (Ringkasan)

• Simple ↔ Compound ↔ Complex boleh ditukar mengikut:

  • Guna participle

  • Guna infinitive

  • Guna kata hubung

• Tujuan: pelbagaikan cara penulisan tanpa ubah makna.

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📄 Page 141 – Synthesis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

• Synthesis = gabungkan beberapa ayat jadi satu ayat.

• Tujuan: jadikan penulisan lebih padat & lancar.

• Contoh:

  • He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but honest.

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📄 Page 142 – Synthesis with Participle

• Gabung ayat menggunakan participle.

• Contoh:

  • He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

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📄 Page 143 – Synthesis with Infinitive

• Gabung ayat menggunakan infinitive (to + verb).

• Contoh:

  • He wanted to pass. He worked hard. → He worked hard to pass.

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📄 Page 144 – Synthesis with Noun/Phrase

• Tukar klausa ke frasa noun.

• Contoh:

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

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📄 Page 145 – Synthesis with Conjunctions

• Gabung ayat dengan kata hubung (and, but, or).

• Contoh:

  • He is poor. He is honest. → He is poor but he is honest.

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📄 Page 146 – Synthesis with Prepositions/Adverbs

• Gabung ayat dengan preposisi atau adverb.

• Contoh:

  • He failed. He was careless. → He failed through carelessness.

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📄 Page 147 – Synthesis (Ringkasan Kaedah)

1. Guna participle → Being tired, he went to bed.

2. Guna infinitive → He worked hard to pass.

3. Guna conjunction → He is poor but honest.

4. Guna phrase → He confessed his guilt.

5. Guna adverb/preposition → He failed through carelessness.

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📄 Page 148 – Analysis of Sentences (Pengenalan)

• Analysis = pecahkan ayat jadi bahagian tatabahasa.

• Bahagian utama:

  1. Subject

  2. Predicate

  3. Object / Complement / Adjunct

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📄 Page 149 – Subject & Predicate dalam Analysis

• Subject = orang/benda yang dibicarakan.

• Predicate = apa yang dikatakan tentang subjek.

• Contoh: Birds fly.

  • Subject = Birds

  • Predicate = fly

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📄 Page 150 – Object, Complement & Adjunct dalam Analysis

• Object = penerima tindakan (Ali kicks the ball).

• Complement = melengkapkan subjek (He is a teacher).

• Adjunct = maklumat tambahan (He works in the morning).

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📄 Page 151 – Kinds of Phrases (Pengenalan)

• Phrase = kumpulan perkataan tanpa subjek + verb.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Noun phrase

  2. Adjective phrase

  3. Adverb phrase

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📄 Page 152 – Noun Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai noun (subjek atau objek).

• Contoh:

  • The tall boy runs fast. (The tall boy = noun phrase, subject)

  • I like reading books. (reading books = noun phrase, object)

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📄 Page 153 – Adjective Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai adjective, menerangkan noun.

• Contoh:

  • A man of wisdom is respected. (of wisdom = adjective phrase)

  • The boy with blue eyes is my brother.

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📄 Page 154 – Adverb Phrase

• Berfungsi sebagai adverb, menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb lain.

• Contoh:

  • He speaks in a loud voice. (in a loud voice = adverb phrase)

  • She works with great care.

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📄 Page 155 – Expansion of Phrases into Clauses

• Noun phrase → Noun clause.

  • I hope to win. → I hope that I shall win.

• Adjective phrase → Adjective clause.

  • The boy with blue eyes is my friend. → The boy who has blue eyes is my friend.

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📄 Page 156 – Expansion of Adverb Phrase into Clause

• He ran with great speed. → He ran as fast as he could.

• She worked without care. → She worked as if she did not care.

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📄 Page 157 – Kinds of Clauses (Pengenalan)

• Clause = kumpulan perkataan ada subjek + verb.

• Jenis utama:

  1. Noun clause

  2. Adjective clause

  3. Adverb clause

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📄 Page 158 – Noun Clause

• Digunakan sebagai subjek atau objek.

• Contoh:

  • What he said is true. (subject)

  • I know that he is honest. (object)

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📄 Page 159 – Adjective Clause

• Menerangkan noun.

• Selalunya guna who, whose, whom, which, that.

• Contoh:

  • The man who came here is my uncle.

  • This is the book that I bought.

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📄 Page 160 – Adverb Clause

• Menerangkan verb/adjective/adverb.

• Jenis: time, place, reason, purpose, condition, concession, comparison, manner, degree.

• Contoh:

  • I will wait until he comes.

  • He ran fast so that he might catch the bus.

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📄 Page 161 – Noun Clauses (Ulangan)

• Noun clause boleh jadi:

  1. Subjek → What you said is true.

  2. Objek → I know that he is honest.

  3. Selepas preposisi → I am interested in what he does.

  4. Pelengkap → The truth is that he is guilty.

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📄 Page 162 – Adjective Clauses (Ulangan)

• Menjelaskan noun, guna relative pronouns.

• Contoh:

  • This is the house which Jack built.

  • The boy who won the prize is my brother.

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📄 Page 163 – Restrictive & Non-Restrictive Clauses

• Restrictive: penting untuk makna, tiada koma.

  • The book that I bought is useful.

• Non-restrictive: hanya tambahan, guna koma.

  • My uncle, who lives in KL, is a teacher.

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📄 Page 164 – Adverb Clauses (Ulangan)

• Jenis-jenis adverb clause:

  • Time, Place, Purpose, Cause/Reason, Result, Condition, Concession, Comparison, Manner, Degree.

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📄 Page 165 – Reduction of Clauses to Phrases

• Klausa boleh dipendekkan jadi frasa.

• Contoh:

  • When he saw me, he ran away. → Seeing me, he ran away.

  • As he was ill, he stayed home. → Being ill, he stayed home.

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📄 Page 166 – Conversion: Complex ↔ Simple

• Complex → Simple: tukar klausa jadi frasa.

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

• Simple → Complex: tukar frasa jadi klausa.

  • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

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📄 Page 167 – Conversion: Compound ↔ Complex

• Compound → Complex:

  • Work hard or you will fail. → You will fail if you do not work hard.

• Complex → Compound:

  • I know that he is honest. → He is honest and I know it.

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📄 Page 168 – Synthesis of Sentences (Latihan)

• Gabungkan beberapa ayat pendek menjadi satu:

  • He was tired. He went to bed. → Being tired, he went to bed.

  • He wanted to succeed. He worked hard. → He worked hard to succeed.

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📄 Page 169 – Analysis of Sentences (Latihan)

• Pecahkan ayat kepada: subject, predicate, object, complement, adjunct.

• Contoh: The boy kicked the ball in the field.

  • Subject = The boy

  • Predicate = kicked

  • Object = the ball

  • Adjunct = in the field

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📄 Page 170 – Revision: Phrases & Clauses

• Phrase = tiada subjek + verb.

• Clause = ada subjek + verb.

• Kedua-dua boleh berfungsi sebagai: noun, adjective, adverb.

• Latihan diberi untuk beza dan tukar antara frasa ↔ klausa.

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📄 Page 171 – Transformation: Affirmative ↔ Negative

• Affirmative → Negative:

  • He is always punctual. → He is never late.

• Negative → Affirmative:

  • He is not foolish. → He is wise.

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📄 Page 172 – Transformation: Interrogative ↔ Assertive

• Interrogative → Assertive:

  • Who does not know him? → Everyone knows him.

• Assertive → Interrogative:

  • He is very wise. → Is he not very wise?

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📄 Page 173 – Transformation: Exclamatory ↔ Assertive

• Exclamatory → Assertive:

  • What a beautiful flower it is! → It is a very beautiful flower.

• Assertive → Exclamatory:

  • He is very brave. → How brave he is!

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📄 Page 174 – Transformation: Active ↔ Passive Voice

• Active → Passive:

  • They helped the poor. → The poor were helped by them.

• Passive → Active:

  • The work was finished by him. → He finished the work.

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📄 Page 175 – Transformation: Direct ↔ Indirect Speech

• Direct → Indirect:

  • He said, “I am busy.” → He said that he was busy.

• Indirect → Direct:

  • She said that she was happy. → She said, “I am happy.”

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📄 Page 176 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Compound

• Simple → Compound:

  • Being ill, he stayed at home. → He was ill and he stayed at home.

• Compound → Simple:

  • He worked hard and succeeded. → Working hard, he succeeded.

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📄 Page 177 – Transformation: Simple ↔ Complex

• Simple → Complex:

  • On his arrival, we started work. → When he arrived, we started work.

• Complex → Simple:

  • He confessed that he was guilty. → He confessed his guilt.

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📄 Page 178 – Transformation: Compound ↔ Complex

• Compound → Complex:

  • Do your duty and you will succeed. → If you do your duty, you will succeed.

• Complex → Compound:

  • I know that he is honest. → He is honest and I know it.

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📄 Page 179 – Active & Passive Voice (Revision)

• Semua tense boleh tukar Active ↔ Passive.

• Contoh ringkas:

  • She writes a letter. → A letter is written by her.

  • He will finish the work. → The work will be finished by him.

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📄 Page 180 – Direct & Indirect Speech (Revision)

• Perubahan penting bila tukar direct → indirect:

  1. Tense berubah (present → past).

  2. Kata ganti nama ikut subjek/objek.

  3. Adverb masa/tempat berubah (now → then, today → that day).

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📄 Page 181 – Direct & Indirect Questions

• Soalan yes/no → guna if/whether.

  • He said, “Are you ready?” → He asked if I was ready.

• Soalan wh- → ikut perkataan asal.

  • She said, “Where do you live?” → She asked where I lived.

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📄 Page 182 – Indirect Commands & Requests

• Direct → Indirect: guna told/asked + to-infinitive.

  • He said, “Open the door.” → He told me to open the door.

  • She said, “Please help me.” → She requested me to help her.

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📄 Page 183 – Indirect Exclamations & Wishes

• Direct → Indirect: guna exclaimed, wished, prayed.

  • He said, “What a fine day!” → He exclaimed that it was a very fine day.

  • She said, “May God bless you.” → She prayed that God might bless me.

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📄 Page 184 – Revision of Voice & Speech

• Gabungan Active/Passive dengan Direct/Indirect.

• Contoh:

  • Active + Direct: He says, “I love her.”

  • Passive + Indirect: It is said that he loves her.

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📄 Page 185 – Verbals (Pengenalan)

• Verbals = kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai noun/adjective/adverb.

• Jenis:

  1. Infinitive

  2. Participle

  3. Gerund

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📄 Page 186 – Infinitive (Detail)

• Bentuk: to + verb.

• Fungsi:

  • Subjek: To err is human.

  • Objek: I like to read.

  • Tujuan: He came to help me.

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📄 Page 187 – Bare & Split Infinitives

• Bare infinitive: tanpa to.

  • Let him go, Make him do it.

• Split infinitive: ada adverb di antara to + verb.

  • to boldly go.

• Elakkan split infinitive dalam penulisan formal.

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📄 Page 188 – Participle (Detail)

• Present participle: verb + -ing. (running, going)

• Past participle: bentuk lampau. (broken, written)

• Digunakan sebagai adjective.

  • A running boy, A broken vase.

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📄 Page 189 – Participle Phrases

• Participle boleh membentuk frasa untuk ringkaskan klausa.

• Contoh:

  • Seeing the police, he ran away.

  • Driven by hunger, he stole bread.

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📄 Page 190 – Gerund (Detail)

• Gerund = verb + -ing digunakan sebagai noun.

• Fungsi:

  • Subjek: Swimming is good for health.

  • Objek: He likes reading.

  • Selepas preposition: She is fond of dancing.

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📄 Page 191 – Gerund vs Present Participle

• Gerund = verb + -ing berfungsi sebagai noun.

  • Swimming is good exercise.

• Participle = verb + -ing berfungsi sebagai adjective.

  • A swimming boy is tired.

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📄 Page 192 – Same Word: Gerund atau Participle

• Kadang-kadang perkataan sama boleh jadi dua-dua.

• Contoh:

  • I like painting. (gerund = aktiviti)

  • A painting girl. (participle = menerangkan noun)

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📄 Page 193 – Gerund Phrases

• Gerund boleh bergabung dengan kata lain → frasa noun.

• Contoh:

  • Playing football is enjoyable.

  • He is fond of reading novels.

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📄 Page 194 – Absolute Construction (Pengenalan)

• Frasa bebas yang biasanya ada noun + participle.

• Memberi maklumat tambahan pada ayat utama.

• Contoh:

  • The weather being fine, we went out.

  • God willing, we shall succeed.

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📄 Page 195 – Absolute Construction (Fungsi)

• Digunakan untuk:

  1. Menyatakan sebab (The teacher being absent, the class dispersed.)

  2. Memberi latar belakang (The sun having set, we returned home.)

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📄 Page 196 – Expansion of Phrases into Clauses

• Frasa boleh ditukar jadi klausa.

• Contoh:

  • On his arrival, we started. → When he arrived, we started.

  • In spite of his illness, he came. → Though he was ill, he came.

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📄 Page 197 – Expansion of Noun Phrases

• His laziness was the cause of his failure. → He failed because he was lazy.

• The time of his coming is uncertain. → When he will come is uncertain.

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📄 Page 198 – Expansion of Adjective Phrases

• A man of wisdom is respected. → A man who is wise is respected.

• The boy with blue eyes is my brother. → The boy who has blue eyes is my brother.

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📄 Page 199 – Expansion of Adverb Phrases

• He worked with care. → He worked as if he cared.

• He ran with great speed. → He ran as fast as he could.

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📄 Page 200 – Revision of Phrases & Clauses

• Phrase = tiada subjek + verb.

• Clause = ada subjek + verb.

• Latihan diberikan untuk tukar frasa ↔ klausa.

• Contoh:

  • Seeing me, he ran away. ↔ When he saw me, he ran away.

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